Arthropod and parasitic antibiotics
Lice
Over the Counter (OTC)
- Permethrin 1% lotion shampoo (if >2 months old)[1]
- Wash hair with non-conditioned shampoo
- Apply Permethrin for 10 min and rinse
- Repeat on day 9
- Pyrethrin lotion
- Apply to affected areas and wash off after 10 min
- Repeat in 7 days
- Dimethicone therapy
- First, apply the product to dry hair, then wait 10 min. Next, with product still in the hair, separate hair into small sections and comb hair to remove lice and eggs. Use a lice comb to remove lice and their eggs from hair. Finally, shampoo hair thoroughly with regular shampoo and warm water. Repeat as needed.[2]
Prescription
Reserved for failed OTC treatment
- Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension (if >6 months old)
- Apply to scalp and air and wash off after 10 min.
- Repeat in 10 days
- Malathion 0.5% lotion (if >6 years old)
- Applied to affected areas and wash after 8 hrs
- Repeat in 7 days
- Benzyl Alcohol 5% lotion (> 6 months old)
- Apply to dry hair and wash off after 10 min
- Repeat in 7 days
- Ivermectin 400mcg/kg PO
- Once on day 1 THEN once in 7 days
- Reserved for patients failing topical treatment
- Lindane therapy
- Only consider if patient has failed two prior prescription treatments
- Avoid in children <50 kg due to seizure association
Eyelash Infestation
- Apply ophthalmic petroleum jelly q12hrs x 10 days
Pediatrics <2yo
- Wet combing is an alternative to medical therapy
Pinworm
Treatment targeted against Enterobius vermicularis; All family members should be treated at the same time
Adult
- Mebendazole 100mg PO once, THEN repeat in 2 weeks OR
- Okay during breastfeeding[3]
- Albendazole 400mg PO once, THEN repeat in 2 weeks OR
- Pyrantel Pamoate (Pin-x) 11mg/kg (max 1g), THEN repeat in 2 weeks
- First choice for pregnant patients
- Treat in pregnancy only if the infection is compromising the pregnancy (i.e. weight loss, sleeplessness); withhold until the 3rd trimester if possible.[4]
- First choice for pregnant patients
Pediatric
- 2 years or older:
- Mebendazole 100mg PO once, THEN repeat in 2 weeks OR
- Albendazole 400mg PO once, THEN repeat in 2 weeks OR
- <2 years
- Albendazole 200 mg PO once, THEN repeat in 2 weeks
Scabies
Adults
- Permethrin 5% cream for all family members[5]
- Apply from neck down
- Leave on for 8-12hr before washing off
- Has 95-98% success rate, may reapply in 1-2wks if incomplete effect
- Ivermectin 200 mcg/kg may be necessary for severe infection
- Also viable option in adolescent or adult with insecure social situation
- Success rate 70%, increases if give repeat dose 2wks after
- Contraindicated in lactating women and children < 15kg
Infants
- Permethrin 5% is FDA approved for > 2 months of age although still recommended for neonatal scabies[6]
- May require application head to toe (avoid mucus membranes)
- Leave on for 8-12 hours, then wash off
Babesiosis
Each regimin is for 10 days duration and option 1 is often used for mild parasitemia <4% with option two for sever cases with >4% parasite load
Option 1
Atovaquone (750mg BID) and Azithromycin (500-1000mg on first day, 250-1000mg on subsequent days)[7]
Option 2
- 600 mg PO q8h x 7-10 days
- Alt: 300-600mg IV q6h x 7-10 days
- First Dose: 300-600mg IV x 1
- Give with Quinine (650mg TID); use IV for severe infections
Pediatrics
- Clindamycin 20mg/kg/day for children and 25mg/kg/day for children for 7-10 days
Ehrlichiosis
antibiotics should be continued for 5 days after the last recorded fever
- Adults: Doxycycline 100mg PO/IV BID x 14 days
- Pediatrics: under 45 kg use Doxycycline 2.2mg/kg PO/IV twice a day
- Pregnant: Rifampin 300mg PO every 12 hours
Malaria
- For specific dosing see the CDC Recommendations or call the Malaria CDC Hotline(855) 856-4713
Uncomplicated Malaria
- Uncomplicated:
- No evidence of organ dysfunction
- Parasitemia <5%
- Able to tolerate PO
- Hospitalize:
- Severe clinical manifestations in non-immune host for P. falciparum or P. knowlesi
- Report to state health department
- For non-pregnant patients (3 day course)
- Artemether + lumefantrine
- Artesunate + amodiaquine
- Artesunate + mefloquine
- Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine
- Artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP)
- For pregnant (1st trimester)
- Quinine + clindamycin x 7 days
- Additional considerations
- Avoid artesunate + SP in HIV/AIDS patients taking co-trimoxazole
- Avoid artesunate + amodiaquine in HIV/AIDS patients taking efavirenz or zidovudine
- P. vivax and P. ovale have dormant hypnozoites in the liver which require treatment with primaquine phosphate for complete eradication
Severe Malaria
- Do not delay treatment in the unstable patient if strong suspicion for malaria as initial smear may be falsely negative
- Treatment (IV for ≥24 hours then 3 days PO course)
- Artesunate (IV)
- Clears malaria faster than quinine
- Distributed only through CDC
- Quinidine (IV) also appropriate choice; more available in US
- Artesunate (IV)
Neurocysticercosis
Albendazole
- 15mg/kg/day divided in 2 doses[8]
- First line therapy
Praziquantel
- Second line therapy
- 50-100mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses [9]
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Doxycycline 100 mg BID for 5-7 days[10]
- Indicated also in children at 2.2mg/kg BID
- Chloramphenicol (CAM) 50-100 mg/kg/day div Q6hr (Max dose = 4g/day)
- Preferred agent in pregnancy. May cause aplastic anemia and Grey baby syndrome, more common in near term or 3rd trimester[11]
- Consideration should be made for doxycycline over CAM in the 3rd trimester
See Also
Antibiotics by diagnosis
- Bone and joint antibiotics
- Cardiovascular antibiotics
- ENT antibiotics
- Eye antibiotics
- GI antibiotics
- GU antibiotics
- Neuro antibiotics
- OB/GYN antibiotics
- Pulmonary antibiotics
- Skin and soft tissue antibiotics
- Bioterrorism antibiotics
- Environmental exposure antibiotics
- Immunocompromised antibiotics
- Post exposure prophylaxis antibiotics
- Pediatric antibiotics
- Sepsis antibiotics
- Arthropod and parasitic antibiotics
For antibiotics by organism see Microbiology (Main)
References
- ↑ Devore CD and Schutze G. Head Lice. Pediatrics. 2015; 135(5) e1355-e1365.
- ↑ Ihde ES, Boscamp JR, Loh JM, Rosen L. Safety and efficacy of a 100% dimethicone pediculocide in school-age children. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:70.
- ↑ CDC Resources for Health Professionals. Accessed 5/9/2021. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/health_professionals/index.html
- ↑ CDC Resources for Health Professionals. Accessed 5/9/2021. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/health_professionals/index.html
- ↑ Strong M. Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD000320
- ↑ Subramaniam S. Rutman MS. Wnger JK. A papulopustular, vesicular, crusted rash in a 4-week old neonate. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2013;29:1210-1212
- ↑ Krause PJ, Lepore T, Sikand VK, Gadbaw J Jr, Burke G, Telford SR 3rd, et al. Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med. Nov 16 2000;343(20):1454-8.
- ↑ Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, et al. A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(3):249-58.
- ↑ Sotelo J. et al. Albendazole vs praziquantel for therapy for neurocysticercosis. A controlled trial. Arch Neurol. May 1988;45(5):532-4
- ↑ Shandera WX, Roig IL: Viral & Rickettsial Infections, in Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ (eds): Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, ed 52. USA, McGraw-Hill, 2013, (Ch) 32: p 1412-1413.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/