Ocular foreign body: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT[[Corneal foreign body]]
==Background==
*Ocular foreign bodies are a high-risk chief complaint because of short and long-term threats to vision loss. The main goal is to determine superficial vs. intraocular foreign bodies.
*Always consider possibility of multiple foreign bodies
*Common materials based on inflammatory reactions
**Highest inflammatory response - wood, copper, iron, steel
**Moderate reaction - aluminum, mercury, nickel, zinc
**Inert - glass, lead, plastic, porcelain
 
{{FB types}}
 
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Foreign body in eye.jpg|thumb|A small piece of iron lodged near corneal margin.]]
*Patient history with focus on circumstances/mechanism of symptom onset
**e.g. use of power tools, projectile weapons, MVCs, metal-on-metal impacts, or high-impact trauma
**Most common is metal foreign body from hammering
 
===Superficial (embedded in conjunctiva or cornea)===
*[[Eye pain]]
*Foreign body sensation
*Tearing
*[[Blurred vision]]
*Relief of pain with topical anesthesia
 
===Intraocular===
*As above, although may additionally be asymptomatic initially and present after complications arise (e.g. corneal ulcer)
*+Seidel's sign: streaming of fluorescein out of eye
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Eye trauma}}
{{Unilateral red eye DDX}}
 
==Evaluation==
''Based on patient mechanism/history''
*Possible '''high impact''' metal (e.g. hammering, use power tools, projectile weapons, metal-on-metal impacts, or high-impact trauma)
**Eye exam
***[[Slit lamp exam]] with fluorescein
***[[Intraocular pressure]]
***Extensive ocular exam with lid eversion or sweep to check for subtarsal foreign bodies
**CT orbit
*'''Non-high impact''' metal history (vegetation, dirt, dust)
**Eye exam only
***[[Slit lamp exam]] with fluorescein
***[[Intraocular pressure]]
***Extensive ocular exam with lid eversion or sweep to check for subtarsal foreign bodies
 
===Contraindicated===
*[[Ocular ultrasound]] in setting of [[open globe]] injury
*Plain films only detect 40% of IOFB (intra-ocular foreign bodies), so generally not obtained<ref>Babineau MR, Sanchez LD, Ophthalmologic procedures in the emergency department Emerg Med Clin Am 2008 26.1:17-34.</ref>
 
==Management==
*[[Tetanus]] booster as needed
*[[Analgesia|Pain control]] with topical [[NSAIDs]] (e.g. [[diclofenac]] or [[ketorolac]]) or oral [[opioids]]
 
===Superficial ocular foreign body with no signs of open globe injury===
*Conjunctival foreign body
**ED removal after topical anesthetic
***Copious irrigation
***Cotton-tipped swab soaked in saline
*Rust ring
**Metallic foreign bodies can create rust rings that are toxic to corneal tissue
**Foreign body be removed with a 30- to 25-gauge needle as below
**Rust rings overlying the visual axis, however, should be managed by an ophthalmologist due to the risk of scarring in the visual field.
**Rust also often reaccumulates by the next day requiring additional burring. It is therefore not necessary to remove a rust ring in the emergency department if the patient can be seen by an ophthalmologist the next day. Additionally, once the foreign body is removed, the rust ring area softens overnight and can be more easily removed in the office the next day.
*[[Corneal foreign body]]
**ED removal after topical anesthetic
**May attempt irrigation and/or cotton-swab as above
**30- to 25-gauge needle under [[slit lamp]]
***Approach from tangential angle
**Repeat Seidel test to ensure removal did not perforate cornea
**Irrigate eye profusely post-removal
**Consider [[cycloplegic]]s (e.g. [[cyclopentolate]] or [[homatropine]]) for significant photophobia
**Consider topical antibiotics for corneal involvement
***Target [[gram-positive]] + [[pseudomonas]] (contact wearers)
***[[Moxifloxacin]] – best ophthalmologic penetration
 
{{Corneal Abrasion Antibiotics}}
 
===Intraocular foreign bodies or concern for open globe injury===
*Emergent ophthalmology consult
*Prophylactic empiric [[antibiotics]]
*Placement of rigid eye shield
*[[Analgesia]] (oral [[NSAIDS]] or [[opioids]]) and [[antiemetics]] as necessary
 
==Disposition==
===Outpatient Ophthalmology Follow-up===
*Superficial ocular foreign body after removal
**Ophtho follow up in 48h for routine cases
**Ophtho follow up in 24h for rust ring removal (rust ring will migrate more and more superficially over time making later removal by ophtho easier)
 
===Admission===
*With emergent surgical intervention for:
**Intraocular foreign body
**Evidence of [[open globe]]
 
==See Also==
*[[Conjunctival abrasion]]
*[[Corneal abrasion]]
*[[Corneal ulcer]]
*[[Eye Algorithms (Main)]]
*[[Foreign bodies]]
 
==External Links==
 
 
==References==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]

Latest revision as of 12:02, 23 April 2022

Background

  • Ocular foreign bodies are a high-risk chief complaint because of short and long-term threats to vision loss. The main goal is to determine superficial vs. intraocular foreign bodies.
  • Always consider possibility of multiple foreign bodies
  • Common materials based on inflammatory reactions
    • Highest inflammatory response - wood, copper, iron, steel
    • Moderate reaction - aluminum, mercury, nickel, zinc
    • Inert - glass, lead, plastic, porcelain

Foreign Body Types

Clinical Features

A small piece of iron lodged near corneal margin.
  • Patient history with focus on circumstances/mechanism of symptom onset
    • e.g. use of power tools, projectile weapons, MVCs, metal-on-metal impacts, or high-impact trauma
    • Most common is metal foreign body from hammering

Superficial (embedded in conjunctiva or cornea)

Intraocular

  • As above, although may additionally be asymptomatic initially and present after complications arise (e.g. corneal ulcer)
  • +Seidel's sign: streaming of fluorescein out of eye

Differential Diagnosis

Orbital trauma

Acute

Subacute/Delayed

Unilateral red eye

^Emergent diagnoses ^^Critical diagnoses

Evaluation

Based on patient mechanism/history

  • Possible high impact metal (e.g. hammering, use power tools, projectile weapons, metal-on-metal impacts, or high-impact trauma)
  • Non-high impact metal history (vegetation, dirt, dust)

Contraindicated

Management

Superficial ocular foreign body with no signs of open globe injury

  • Conjunctival foreign body
    • ED removal after topical anesthetic
      • Copious irrigation
      • Cotton-tipped swab soaked in saline
  • Rust ring
    • Metallic foreign bodies can create rust rings that are toxic to corneal tissue
    • Foreign body be removed with a 30- to 25-gauge needle as below
    • Rust rings overlying the visual axis, however, should be managed by an ophthalmologist due to the risk of scarring in the visual field.
    • Rust also often reaccumulates by the next day requiring additional burring. It is therefore not necessary to remove a rust ring in the emergency department if the patient can be seen by an ophthalmologist the next day. Additionally, once the foreign body is removed, the rust ring area softens overnight and can be more easily removed in the office the next day.
  • Corneal foreign body
    • ED removal after topical anesthetic
    • May attempt irrigation and/or cotton-swab as above
    • 30- to 25-gauge needle under slit lamp
      • Approach from tangential angle
    • Repeat Seidel test to ensure removal did not perforate cornea
    • Irrigate eye profusely post-removal
    • Consider cycloplegics (e.g. cyclopentolate or homatropine) for significant photophobia
    • Consider topical antibiotics for corneal involvement

Does Not Wear Contact Lens

Wears Contact Lens

Antibiotics should cover pseudomonas and favor 3rd or 4th generation fluoroquinolones

  • Levofloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops ever 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Moxifloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops every 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Tobramycin 0.3% solution 2 drops q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Gatifloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops every 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Gentamicin 0.3% solution 2 drops six times for 5 days

Intraocular foreign bodies or concern for open globe injury

Disposition

Outpatient Ophthalmology Follow-up

  • Superficial ocular foreign body after removal
    • Ophtho follow up in 48h for routine cases
    • Ophtho follow up in 24h for rust ring removal (rust ring will migrate more and more superficially over time making later removal by ophtho easier)

Admission

  • With emergent surgical intervention for:

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Babineau MR, Sanchez LD, Ophthalmologic procedures in the emergency department Emerg Med Clin Am 2008 26.1:17-34.
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