Cataracts: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Schematic diagram of the human eye en.png|thumb|Eye anatomy.]] | |||
* | *Opacification of the lens of one or both eyes, which can lead to decreased visual acuity and visual distortions | ||
* | *Most commonly due to normal age related changes, however they can also be caused by [[eye trauma]], exposure to sunlight or radiation, malnutrition, corticosteroid use, and other pathologic processes | ||
* By age 80 approximately 50% of Americans have been diagnosed with one or more cataracts< | *By age 80, approximately 50% of Americans have been diagnosed with one or more cataracts<ref>National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020</ref> | ||
* Additional risk factors for cataract include | *Additional risk factors for cataract include diabetes, smoking, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol use<ref>National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020</ref><ref>West SK, and Valmadrid CT, "Epidemiology of risk factors for age-related cataract," Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39(4):323.</ref> | ||
*Typically a non-emergent pathology and can be managed with outpatient ophthalmologic surgery on a routine basis. | |||
**With the exception of traumatic cataract, [[vision loss]] from cataract is typically ''not'' acute; rather, develops over the course of months to years. | |||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
[[File:Dense white mature cataract.jpg|thumb|right|The appearance of a dense, white cataract in a 60 year-old male. ]] | |||
*Vision loss typically not acute but develops over months to years (unless traumatic cataract) | |||
=== History === | === History === | ||
* Cloudy or blurry vision | * Cloudy or blurry vision | ||
Line 13: | Line 16: | ||
* Colors appear faded | * Colors appear faded | ||
* Appearance of a halo around bright lights | * Appearance of a halo around bright lights | ||
* +/- Recent trauma to the eye | |||
=== Exam Findings === | |||
* Lens opacity | |||
* Darkening of red reflex | |||
* Decreased visual acuity | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
{{Acute vision loss noninflamed DDX}} | |||
===Subacute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)=== | |||
* Cataracts | |||
* Congenital blindness | |||
* Diabetic retinopathy | |||
{{Eye trauma}} | |||
{{Unilateral red eye DDX}} | |||
==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
*Typically diagnosed clinically by the finding of lens opacity on direct ophthalmic exam | |||
**Precise classification (nuclear, cortical, posterior sub-capsular) may be done by ophthalmologist | |||
*If the patient has risk factors for diabetes or HIV/AIDS, consider appropriate diagnostic tests | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
*Definitive treatment is (typically outpatient, non-emergent) surgery, wherein clouded lens is removed and replaced with clear, artificial lens | |||
*Other supportive care modalities that help with visual symptoms include:<ref>National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020</ref> | |||
* Using brighter lights while at work or at home | |||
* A trial of anti-glare sunglasses for outdoor activities | |||
* Using magnifying lens glasses for reading and other daily | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
*Discharge with optho follow up | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)]] | |||
*[[Orbital trauma]] | |||
*[[Unilateral red eye]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts | *https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts | ||
*https://www.aao.org/young-ophthalmologists/yo-info/article/how-to-conduct-eight-point-ophthalmology-exam | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[ | |||
[[Category:Ophthalmology]] |
Latest revision as of 15:57, 8 February 2021
Background
- Opacification of the lens of one or both eyes, which can lead to decreased visual acuity and visual distortions
- Most commonly due to normal age related changes, however they can also be caused by eye trauma, exposure to sunlight or radiation, malnutrition, corticosteroid use, and other pathologic processes
- By age 80, approximately 50% of Americans have been diagnosed with one or more cataracts[1]
- Additional risk factors for cataract include diabetes, smoking, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol use[2][3]
- Typically a non-emergent pathology and can be managed with outpatient ophthalmologic surgery on a routine basis.
- With the exception of traumatic cataract, vision loss from cataract is typically not acute; rather, develops over the course of months to years.
Clinical Features
- Vision loss typically not acute but develops over months to years (unless traumatic cataract)
History
- Cloudy or blurry vision
- Difficulty with night time vision
- Colors appear faded
- Appearance of a halo around bright lights
- +/- Recent trauma to the eye
Exam Findings
- Lens opacity
- Darkening of red reflex
- Decreased visual acuity
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)
- Painful
- Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
- Optic neuritis
- Temporal arteritis†
- Painless
- Amaurosis fugax
- Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)†
- Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)†
- High altitude retinopathy
- Open-angle glaucoma
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
- Retinal detachment†
- Stroke†
- Vitreous hemorrhage
- Traumatic optic neuropathy (although may have pain from the trauma)
†Emergent Diagnosis
Subacute Vision Loss (Noninflamed)
- Cataracts
- Congenital blindness
- Diabetic retinopathy
Orbital trauma
Acute
- Caustic keratoconjunctivitis^^
- Conjunctival hemorrhage
- Conjunctival laceration
- Corneal abrasion, Corneal laceration
- Globe rupture^
- Iridodialysis
- Lens dislocation
- Ocular foreign body
- Orbital fracture
- Frontal sinus fracture
- Naso-ethmoid fracture
- Inferior orbial wall fracture
- Medial orbital wall fracture
- Posterior vitreous detachment
- Retinal detachment
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage/hematoma
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- Traumatic hyphema
- Traumatic iritis
- Traumatic mydriasis
- Traumatic optic neuropathy
- Vitreous detachment
- Vitreous hemorrhage
- Ultraviolet keratitis
Subacute/Delayed
Unilateral red eye
- Nontraumatic
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma^
- Anterior uveitis
- Conjunctivitis
- Corneal erosion
- Corneal ulcer^
- Endophthalmitis^
- Episcleritis
- Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
- Inflamed pinguecula
- Inflamed pterygium
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Keratoconus
- Nontraumatic iritis
- Scleritis^
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- Orbital trauma
- Caustic keratoconjunctivitis^^
- Corneal abrasion, Corneal laceration
- Conjunctival hemorrhage
- Conjunctival laceration
- Globe rupture^
- Hemorrhagic chemosis
- Lens dislocation
- Ocular foreign body
- Posterior vitreous detachment
- Retinal detachment
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage
- Traumatic hyphema
- Traumatic iritis
- Traumatic mydriasis
- Traumatic optic neuropathy
- Vitreous detachment
- Vitreous hemorrhage
- Ultraviolet keratitis
^Emergent diagnoses ^^Critical diagnoses
Evaluation
- Typically diagnosed clinically by the finding of lens opacity on direct ophthalmic exam
- Precise classification (nuclear, cortical, posterior sub-capsular) may be done by ophthalmologist
- If the patient has risk factors for diabetes or HIV/AIDS, consider appropriate diagnostic tests
Management
- Definitive treatment is (typically outpatient, non-emergent) surgery, wherein clouded lens is removed and replaced with clear, artificial lens
- Other supportive care modalities that help with visual symptoms include:[4]
- Using brighter lights while at work or at home
- A trial of anti-glare sunglasses for outdoor activities
- Using magnifying lens glasses for reading and other daily
Disposition
- Discharge with optho follow up
See Also
External Links
- https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts
- https://www.aao.org/young-ophthalmologists/yo-info/article/how-to-conduct-eight-point-ophthalmology-exam
References
- ↑ National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020
- ↑ National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020
- ↑ West SK, and Valmadrid CT, "Epidemiology of risk factors for age-related cataract," Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39(4):323.
- ↑ National Eye Institute, "Cataracts" <https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts>, accessed 16 Dec 2020