Tyramine reaction
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Background
- Occurs when patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I) ingests tyramine
- Tyramine is a dietary amine similar to amphetamine normally metabolized by MAO
- Tyramine is a monoamine and acts indirectly to release catecholamines.
- Tyramine is typically metabolized by monoamine oxidase in the gut, a process that MAOIs interfere with.
- Tyramine is found in preserved meat, fish, cheese, alcohol, and protein-rich foods which are particularly likely to contain bacteria that convert amino acids into monoamines like tyramine.
Clinical Features
- Rapid onset (within 15-90 minutes of ingestion) of:
- Severe occipital or temporal headache
- Sympathomimetic effects: hypertension, diaphoresis, mydriasis, palpitations, chest pain
- Syndrome usually resolves on own over 6 hours
Differential Diagnosis
Hypertension
- Hypertensive emergency
- Stroke
- Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema
- Ischemic stroke
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Scleroderma renal crisis
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Type- I myocardial infarction
- Volume overload
- Urinary obstruction
- Drug use or overdose (e.g stimulants, especially alcohol, cocaine, or Synthroid)
- Renal Artery Stenosis
- Nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Tyramine reaction
- Cushing's syndrome
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Pheochromocytoma
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Anxiety
- Pain
- Oral contraceptive use
Evaluation
- ECG: monitor for cardiac ischemia
- CT head: if patient has focal neurologic findings or persistent, severe headache
Management
- Hypertensive emergency: phentolamine is agent of choice
- 2.5-5mg IV q5-15min until blood pressure controlled
- Duration of action <1 hour
- Beta-blockers contraindicated
Disposition
- Discharge home if asymptomatic after 4 hours of observation