Sexual assault: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Background== | ||
[[File:Vulva Figure 28 02 02.jpg|thumb|Labeled vulva, showing external and internal views.]] | |||
[[File:Blausen 0400 FemaleReproSystem 02b.png|thumb|Pelvic anatomy including organs of the female reproductive system.]] | |||
*Male victim in 10% of cases | |||
*Toluidine blue: detects vulvar tears | |||
*Wood's lamp: detects semen stains | |||
===Risks=== | |||
*[[Pregnancy]] | |||
**Without contraception 1-5% | |||
**If mid-cycle (days 14-16) risk is higher | |||
*[[STD]] (5-10%) | |||
*[[HIV]] | |||
**Theoretically higher risk of transmission in sexual assault than consensual due to physiological factors | |||
**Consensual receptive vaginal intercourse 0.1-0.2% | |||
**Consensual receptive anal intercourse 0.5-3% | |||
==Clinical Features== | |||
*History of sexual exposure without consent | |||
*May or may not have symptoms/signs of injury | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Lower GU trauma DDX}} | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Check for life threats, emergent medical needs, and injuries first | |||
*If patient consents to forensic exam after medical evaluation | |||
**Ask patient not to change, shower, eat, drink, or wash hands | |||
**Do not give wet wipe and ask patient not to wipe when giving urine sample. Collect dirty catch urine | |||
**Defer GU examination if patient consents to SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) exam | |||
*Contact SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) and police (if report not already filed and patient consents, or if required by law) | |||
===Labs=== | |||
*Pregnancy test | |||
*Rapid [[HIV]] | |||
*Hepatitis panel | |||
**Hepatitis B surface antigen | |||
**Hepatitis C viral load | |||
*RPR | |||
*Urine GC/chlamydia, if not collected by SANE | |||
*If considering HIV PEP, need baseline labs | |||
**CBC | |||
**Chemistry | |||
**LFTs | |||
==Management== | |||
*Consider [[emergency contraception]] if possibility of pregnancy | |||
== | ===Empiric Antibiotics for [[STDs]]<ref>Update to CDC’s Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a6</ref>=== | ||
[[File:Nonoccupational HIV algorithm.png|thumb|HIV nonoccupational exposure algorithm]] | |||
*[[Ceftriaxone]] 500mg IM in a single dose (1000mg if weight >= 150 kg) '''AND''' | |||
*[[Doxycycline]] 100mg orally twice a day for 1 week '''AND''' | |||
**For pregnant patients, [[Azithromycin]] 1g orally in a single dose instead of doxycycline '''AND''' | |||
*[[Metronidazole]] 500 mg PO BID for 1 week '''AND''' | |||
*[[HIV post-exposure prophylaxis]] | |||
**Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommended as soon as possible if <= 72 hours since exposure AND | |||
***Assailant HIV positive | |||
***Assailant HIV status unknown, but patient's mucous membranes or non-intact skin exposed to blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or bloody body fluids | |||
====Pediatric Antibiotics for [[STDs]]==== | |||
*If patient is pre-pubertal, only treat with antibiotics if they test positive rather than empirically. | |||
*Pubertal patients should be given empiric antibiotics. | |||
*For patients who weigh > 45 kg, same as adult medications above | |||
*For patients who weigh <= 45 kg | |||
**[[Gonorrhea]]: [[Ceftriaxone]] 50 mg/kg IM (maximum dose 250 mg) in a single dose | |||
**[[Chlamydia]]: [[Doxycycline]] 2.2 mg/kg (maximum dose 100 mg) orally twice a day for 1 week | |||
***Doxycycline may be used in age < 8 for treatment durations <= 21 days<ref>CDC Research on doxycycline and tooth staining. https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/doxycycline/index.html</ref><ref> | |||
American Academy of Pediatrics Summary of Major Changes in the 2018 Red Book. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/chapter.aspx?sectionid=189639927&bookid=2205</ref> | |||
***If patient is pregnant or liquid doxycycline is not available for patients who cannot swallow pills, can give [[Azithromycin]] 60 mg/kg (maximum dose 1000 mg) orally in a single dose | |||
**[[Trichomonas]]: [[Metronidazole]] 15 mg/kg (maximum dose 670 mg or 2000 mg/day) orally three times a day for 1 week | |||
===Vaccines<ref>CDC 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/sexual-assault.htm</ref>=== | |||
*[[Tetanus vaccine]] | |||
*[[Hepatitis B post-exposure prophylaxis]] | |||
**Even if patient is vaccinated, give HBV vaccine booster shot, preferably within 24 hours of exposure | |||
*HPV vaccine for female patients age 9-26 and male patients 9-21 if patient has not already completed series of 3 vaccines | |||
;''Remember to attend to patient's emotional needs as well, consider social work consult and/or offering support resources such as [[https://www.rainn.org/ Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network]] 800-656-HOPE'' | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Typically outpatient | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[HIV post-exposure prophylaxis]] | |||
*[[Child abuse]] | |||
*[[Occupational exposure]] | |||
==External Links== | |||
*https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/sexual-assault.htm | |||
*https://www.rainn.org/about-rainn | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
== | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:ID]] | ||
[[Category:OBGYN]] | |||
[[Category:Trauma]] |
Latest revision as of 20:11, 3 August 2022
Background
- Male victim in 10% of cases
- Toluidine blue: detects vulvar tears
- Wood's lamp: detects semen stains
Risks
- Pregnancy
- Without contraception 1-5%
- If mid-cycle (days 14-16) risk is higher
- STD (5-10%)
- HIV
- Theoretically higher risk of transmission in sexual assault than consensual due to physiological factors
- Consensual receptive vaginal intercourse 0.1-0.2%
- Consensual receptive anal intercourse 0.5-3%
Clinical Features
- History of sexual exposure without consent
- May or may not have symptoms/signs of injury
Differential Diagnosis
Genitourinary Trauma
- Urinary system
- Genital
- Other
- Child abuse
- Pelvic fracture (often accompanies)
- Sexual assault
Evaluation
General
- Check for life threats, emergent medical needs, and injuries first
- If patient consents to forensic exam after medical evaluation
- Ask patient not to change, shower, eat, drink, or wash hands
- Do not give wet wipe and ask patient not to wipe when giving urine sample. Collect dirty catch urine
- Defer GU examination if patient consents to SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) exam
- Contact SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) and police (if report not already filed and patient consents, or if required by law)
Labs
- Pregnancy test
- Rapid HIV
- Hepatitis panel
- Hepatitis B surface antigen
- Hepatitis C viral load
- RPR
- Urine GC/chlamydia, if not collected by SANE
- If considering HIV PEP, need baseline labs
- CBC
- Chemistry
- LFTs
Management
- Consider emergency contraception if possibility of pregnancy
Empiric Antibiotics for STDs[1]
- Ceftriaxone 500mg IM in a single dose (1000mg if weight >= 150 kg) AND
- Doxycycline 100mg orally twice a day for 1 week AND
- For pregnant patients, Azithromycin 1g orally in a single dose instead of doxycycline AND
- Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID for 1 week AND
- HIV post-exposure prophylaxis
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommended as soon as possible if <= 72 hours since exposure AND
- Assailant HIV positive
- Assailant HIV status unknown, but patient's mucous membranes or non-intact skin exposed to blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or bloody body fluids
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommended as soon as possible if <= 72 hours since exposure AND
Pediatric Antibiotics for STDs
- If patient is pre-pubertal, only treat with antibiotics if they test positive rather than empirically.
- Pubertal patients should be given empiric antibiotics.
- For patients who weigh > 45 kg, same as adult medications above
- For patients who weigh <= 45 kg
- Gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg IM (maximum dose 250 mg) in a single dose
- Chlamydia: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg (maximum dose 100 mg) orally twice a day for 1 week
- Doxycycline may be used in age < 8 for treatment durations <= 21 days[2][3]
- If patient is pregnant or liquid doxycycline is not available for patients who cannot swallow pills, can give Azithromycin 60 mg/kg (maximum dose 1000 mg) orally in a single dose
- Trichomonas: Metronidazole 15 mg/kg (maximum dose 670 mg or 2000 mg/day) orally three times a day for 1 week
Vaccines[4]
- Tetanus vaccine
- Hepatitis B post-exposure prophylaxis
- Even if patient is vaccinated, give HBV vaccine booster shot, preferably within 24 hours of exposure
- HPV vaccine for female patients age 9-26 and male patients 9-21 if patient has not already completed series of 3 vaccines
- Remember to attend to patient's emotional needs as well, consider social work consult and/or offering support resources such as [Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network] 800-656-HOPE
Disposition
- Typically outpatient
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Update to CDC’s Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a6
- ↑ CDC Research on doxycycline and tooth staining. https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/doxycycline/index.html
- ↑ American Academy of Pediatrics Summary of Major Changes in the 2018 Red Book. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/chapter.aspx?sectionid=189639927&bookid=2205
- ↑ CDC 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/sexual-assault.htm