Priapism: Difference between revisions

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===Low Flow Priapism===
===Low Flow Priapism===
====Aspiration of corpus cavernosum====
====Aspiration of corpus cavernosum====
*Written consent prior to invasive procedure
*Ensure procedure is appropriate
**Regardless of treatment there is a high risk of impotence
**Rarely beneficial after 48h
*Rarely beneficial after 48hr
**Risk of impotence is high even with treatment
*[[Penile nerve block]] or local anesthesia at puncture site
*Obtain consent
*Aspirate blood from corpus cavernosum (3 or 9 o'clock position of shaft) with 16-19ga needle
*Prep the area with chlorhexidine and drape appropriately
*Blood sludging makes aspiration difficult, so to improve flow dynamics use saline irrigation and repeated aspirations
*[[Penile nerve block]] or local anesthesic at puncture site
*After removal of 20-30cc of blood, you may inject and aspirate 10-20cc aliquots
*Insert 18 gauge needle into penile shaft at 2 and 10 o'clock positions (or 3 and 9 o'clock positions)
*Aspirate blood (usually 20 - 30 cc on each side)
*May follow with intracavernosal injections (most common is phenylephrine)


====α/β-2 Agonist====
====α/β-2 Agonist====
Line 73: Line 75:
#*Inject base of penis with 29-Ga needle (after blood aspiration to confirm position)  
#*Inject base of penis with 29-Ga needle (after blood aspiration to confirm position)  
#**100-500 mcg every 3-5min (max 1000 mcg) until resolution or 1 hour
#**100-500 mcg every 3-5min (max 1000 mcg) until resolution or 1 hour
#**Ensure patient on the monitor, with BP, HR, pulse ox
#*Ensure patient fully monitored, with BP, HR, pulse oximetry
#**Reflex bradycardia is expected, so consider dosages relative to toleration of drop from baseline HR
#**Reflex bradycardia is expected, so consider dosages relative to toleration of drop from baseline HR
#**Only one side needs to be injected since there exists a vascular channel between the 2 corpora cavernos
#**Only one side needs to be injected since there exists a vascular channel between the 2 corpora cavernosa
#*Compress injection area to prevent hematoma formation
#*Compress injection area to prevent hematoma formation
#*Use with caution in cardiovascular disease
#*Use with caution in cardiovascular disease
#[[Epinephrine]]  
#[[Epinephrine]]  
#*In pediatric population , intracavernosal injection of epinephrine instead of phenylephrine as it has been shown to be more successful in achieving detumescence in priapism.
#*In pediatric population, intracavernosal injection of epinephrine instead of phenylephrine has been shown more successful in achieving detumescence
''Wrap penis in elastic bandage after detumescence is achieved''
''Wrap penis in elastic bandage after detumescence is achieved''


Revision as of 15:37, 12 May 2019

Background

  • Prolonged, unwanted erection not associated with sexual stimulation > 4h
  • May lead to erectile dysfunction and penile necrosis if untreated
  • High rate of impotence afterwards if present for > 24hrs

Types

High-flow (nonischemic)

  • Extremely rare and usually not painful
  • AV fistula from trauma (lacerated cavernous artery shunts blood into cavernous bodies)
  • Ischemia/impotence does not occur
  • Requires less urgent intervention and does not lead to impotence

Low-flow (ischemic)

  • Most common type
  • Veno-occlusion causing pooling of deoxygenated blood in cavernous tissue
  • A urologic emergency

Causes

Clinical Features

  • Erect corpus cavernosum
  • Flacid glans and spongiosum

Differential Diagnosis

  • Peyronie's Disease
  • Urethral foreign body
  • Penile surgical implant
  • Erection from sexual arousal

Non-Traumatic penile diagnoses

Penile trauma types

Evaluation

  • CBC (eval leukemia, sickle cell)
  • Type and screen (may need to exchange transfusion)
  • Coags
  • Urinalysis/tox (etoh, marijuana, cocaine can cause priapism)
  • ABG from cavernosa (if history unclear): Hypoxic, hypercapneic, acidotic → low flow
  • Ultrasound
    • Can distinguish between high-flow and low-flow
ABG Analysis
  • Low-flow priapism is suggested by aspirated blood with a pH of < 7.25, pO2 < 30 mmHg, and pCO2 > 60 mmHg

Management

Low Flow Priapism

Aspiration of corpus cavernosum

  • Ensure procedure is appropriate
    • Rarely beneficial after 48h
    • Risk of impotence is high even with treatment
  • Obtain consent
  • Prep the area with chlorhexidine and drape appropriately
  • Penile nerve block or local anesthesic at puncture site
  • Insert 18 gauge needle into penile shaft at 2 and 10 o'clock positions (or 3 and 9 o'clock positions)
  • Aspirate blood (usually 20 - 30 cc on each side)
  • May follow with intracavernosal injections (most common is phenylephrine)

α/β-2 Agonist

  1. Terbutaline[4]
    • Dose: 0.25-0.5mg SQ in deltoids OR 5-10mg PO, may repeat in q20min
  2. Phenylephrine
    • Dilute phenylephrine 1mg in 9mL NS for final concentration of 100mcg/mL
      • For 500 mcg/ml, take 0.5 ml of 10mg/ml phenylephrine, and dilute in 9.5 cc NS
    • Inject base of penis with 29-Ga needle (after blood aspiration to confirm position)
      • 100-500 mcg every 3-5min (max 1000 mcg) until resolution or 1 hour
    • Ensure patient fully monitored, with BP, HR, pulse oximetry
      • Reflex bradycardia is expected, so consider dosages relative to toleration of drop from baseline HR
      • Only one side needs to be injected since there exists a vascular channel between the 2 corpora cavernosa
    • Compress injection area to prevent hematoma formation
    • Use with caution in cardiovascular disease
  3. Epinephrine
    • In pediatric population, intracavernosal injection of epinephrine instead of phenylephrine has been shown more successful in achieving detumescence

Wrap penis in elastic bandage after detumescence is achieved

High Flow Priapism

  • Requires urologic consultation for surgical correction or IR guided embolization[5]

Sickle Cell Disease

  • IV hydration
  • O2
  • Transfusion for goal HCT>30% with consultation for partial exchange transfusion (HGB-S<30%)
    • Exchange transfusion is associated with ASPEN syndrome (Association of Sickle cell Priapism, Exchange transfusion & Neurological events)
  • Urology consult

Disposition

  • Admit if refractory to treatment or need or IR or surgical intervention
  • May discharge home if treatment is successful with close follow-up by urology

Video

{{#widget:YouTube|id=73c8-GwE6tY}}

References

  1. ↑ Miller ST, Rao SP, Dunn EK, Glassberg KI. Priapism in children with sickle cell disease. J Urol. Aug 1995;154(2 Patient 2):844-7
  2. ↑ reen J, Hakim L. Cocaine-induced veno-occlusive priapism: importance of urine toxicology screening in the emergency room setting. Clin Urol. 1999;161
  3. ↑ Quan D, Ruha AM. Priapism associated with Latrodectus mactans envenomation. Am J Emerg Med. Jul 2009;27(6):759.e1-2
  4. ↑ Lowe FC, Jarow JP. Placebo-controlled study of oral terbutaline and pseudoephedrine in management of prostaglandin E1-induced prolonged erections. Urology. Jul 1993;42(1):51-3
  5. ↑ Sandro C. High-flow priapism: treatment and long-term follow-up. 2002. 59(1).110–113 PDF
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