Pheochromocytoma: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* | *Rare tumor arising from chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla or other paraganglia in the body | ||
* | *Increased catecholamine production leading to its clinical manifestations | ||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
* | *Paroxysms usually lasting <1 hour of the following symptoms: | ||
* | **[[Headache]] | ||
* | **[[Tremor]] | ||
* | **Alternating periods of normal and elevated blood pressure, and can cause resistant [[hypertension]] and [[hypertensive emergency]] | ||
* | **[[Tachycardia]] | ||
* | **Flushed skin | ||
* | **[[Palpitations]] | ||
**Diaphoresis | |||
**Anxiety | |||
*Weight loss | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
* | {{Hypertension DDX}} | ||
* | |||
* | ==Evaluation== | ||
* | *Plasma free metanephrines | ||
* | *Urinary fractionated metanephrines | ||
* | *Plasma and urine catecholamines | ||
*CT with adrenal protocol imaging to localize tumor | |||
*PET scan may eventually be required | |||
*General lab features include hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, and erythrocytosis | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
* alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine acutely | *Hypertensive crisis: | ||
* beta blockade can be started 2 days later | **[[alpha blockers|α blockade]] with phenoxybenzamine or [[phentolamine]] acutely<ref>WJ Elliott, J Varon. Drugs used for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on January 11, 2016.)</ref> | ||
* | ***[[Phentolamine]]: 5mg IM/IV q2-4h PRN | ||
**[[Nitroprusside]] | |||
**[[Nicardipine]] | |||
*[[beta blockers|Beta blockade]] can be started 2 days later | |||
**If beta blockade started before alpha blockers, unopposed alpha activity can precipitate [[hypertensive emergency]] | |||
*Eventual surgical resection of tumor | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
* | *Admission to a monitored setting | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Hypertensive emergency]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 06:08, 20 August 2022
Background
- Rare tumor arising from chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla or other paraganglia in the body
- Increased catecholamine production leading to its clinical manifestations
Clinical Features
- Paroxysms usually lasting <1 hour of the following symptoms:
- Headache
- Tremor
- Alternating periods of normal and elevated blood pressure, and can cause resistant hypertension and hypertensive emergency
- Tachycardia
- Flushed skin
- Palpitations
- Diaphoresis
- Anxiety
- Weight loss
Differential Diagnosis
Hypertension
- Hypertensive emergency
- Stroke
- Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema
- Ischemic stroke
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Scleroderma renal crisis
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Type- I myocardial infarction
- Volume overload
- Urinary obstruction
- Drug use or overdose (e.g stimulants, especially alcohol, cocaine, or Synthroid)
- Renal Artery Stenosis
- Nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Tyramine reaction
- Cushing's syndrome
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Pheochromocytoma
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Anxiety
- Pain
- Oral contraceptive use
Evaluation
- Plasma free metanephrines
- Urinary fractionated metanephrines
- Plasma and urine catecholamines
- CT with adrenal protocol imaging to localize tumor
- PET scan may eventually be required
- General lab features include hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, and erythrocytosis
Management
- Hypertensive crisis:
- α blockade with phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine acutely[1]
- Phentolamine: 5mg IM/IV q2-4h PRN
- Nitroprusside
- Nicardipine
- α blockade with phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine acutely[1]
- Beta blockade can be started 2 days later
- If beta blockade started before alpha blockers, unopposed alpha activity can precipitate hypertensive emergency
- Eventual surgical resection of tumor
Disposition
- Admission to a monitored setting
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ WJ Elliott, J Varon. Drugs used for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on January 11, 2016.)