Nephrotic syndrome: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall | *Increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall | ||
**Proteinuria, hypoproteinemia ( | **[[Proteinuria]], [[hypoalbuminemia|hypoproteinemia]] (albumin <3), edema, hyperlipidemia | ||
*Life-threatening complications are infection and thromboembolic events | *Life-threatening complications are [[infection]] and [[thromboembolism|thromboembolic events]] | ||
== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*Edema (face, periphery) | *Edema (face, periphery) | ||
* | *[[Shortness of breath]], cough ([[pleural effusion]], [[pulmonary edema]]) | ||
*Oliguria | *Oliguria | ||
== | ===Complications<ref>Park SJ and Shin JI. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. Korean J Pediatr. 2011 Aug; 54(8): 322–328.</ref>=== | ||
* | *Chronic high dose steroid adverse effects | ||
** | *[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
* | *[[Renal vein thrombosis]] | ||
* | *[[hypovolemia|Hypovolemic]] crisis | ||
* | *[[Acute kidney injury]] | ||
* | *[[Infection]] | ||
* | *Cardiovascular issues (hyperlipidemia) | ||
* | *[[Anemia]] | ||
* | *[[Hypocalcemia]] | ||
* | *[[Hypothyroidism]] | ||
*[[Intussusception]] | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
*Primary nephrotic syndrome | *Primary nephrotic syndrome | ||
**Minimal-change, | **Minimal-change, membranoproliferative | ||
*Secondary nephrotic syndrome | *Secondary nephrotic syndrome | ||
**SLE, HSP, SCD | **[[SLE]], [[HSP]], [[sickle cell|SCD]] | ||
*Classical characteristics/risk factors: | |||
**Minimal change disease - children, preceded by [[URI]] | |||
**Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Black patients, [[HIV]]/[[IVDA]], specific anabolic steroids | |||
**Membranous nephropathy - Caucasian patients - primary etiology, [[HBV]], [[hepatitis C|HCV]], [[SLE]], gold, [[penicillamine]], malignancy | |||
**Type 1 MPGN - [[HBV]], [[hepatitis C|HCV]] | |||
**Type 2 MPGN - ↓ C3 | |||
{{Periorbital swelling DDX}} | {{Periorbital swelling DDX}} | ||
== | ==Evaluation== | ||
*Give IV fluids if | *[[Urinalysis]] | ||
*Volume overload | **[[Proteinuria]] > 3.5 g/24 hr, no hematuria | ||
**Treat | **Spot urine protein : urine creatinine ratio of > 3 - 3.5mg/mg (300 - 350mg/mmol) | ||
**May require correction of hypoalbuminemia first; 0.5-1gm/kg | *CBC | ||
*Steroids | *CMP | ||
**Pseudohyponatremia due to elevated triglycerides | |||
**Serum albumin < 25 g/L | |||
*Lipid panel, with total cholesterol > 380mg/dL (10 mmol/L) | |||
*ANA, C3, C4, [[viral hepatitis]] panel, HIV, SPEP, SIFE, UPEP, ANCA, free light chains, PLA2R | |||
*[[CXR]] (only if suspect pleural effusion / pulmonary edema) | |||
*[[Renal ultrasound]] | |||
**Only if suspect renal vein thrombosis - [[hematuria]], [[flank pain]], [[AKI]] | |||
==Management== | |||
*Give [[IV fluids]] if evidence of [[hypovolemic]] [[shock]] (even if edema is severe) | |||
*[[fluid overload|Volume overload]] | |||
**Treat with [[furosemide]] 1-2mg/kg | |||
**May require correction of [[hypoalbuminemia]] first; 0.5-1gm/kg | |||
*[[Steroids]] | |||
**Effective for minimal-change disease | **Effective for minimal-change disease | ||
**Prednisone 2mg/kg/d in 2-3 divided doses | **[[Prednisone]] 2mg/kg/d in 2-3 divided doses x 6 weeks | ||
*Low-salt diet | *Low-salt diet | ||
*Prophylactic anticoagulation for thromboembolic events not recommended, unless patient had previous thrombotic events | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
Admit | ===Admit=== | ||
*Severe edema | *Severe edema | ||
*Pulmonary effusion or respiratory symptoms | *Pulmonary effusion or respiratory symptoms | ||
*Infection or thrombotic complications | *Infection or thrombotic complications | ||
===Outpatient nephrology follow up=== | |||
*Mild-moderate edema | *Mild-moderate edema | ||
== | ==References== | ||
*Kodner C. Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Nov 15;80(10):1129-1134. | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Renal]] |
Latest revision as of 07:22, 18 August 2022
Background
- Increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall
- Proteinuria, hypoproteinemia (albumin <3), edema, hyperlipidemia
- Life-threatening complications are infection and thromboembolic events
Clinical Features
- Edema (face, periphery)
- Shortness of breath, cough (pleural effusion, pulmonary edema)
- Oliguria
Complications[1]
- Chronic high dose steroid adverse effects
- Pulmonary embolism
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Hypovolemic crisis
- Acute kidney injury
- Infection
- Cardiovascular issues (hyperlipidemia)
- Anemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypothyroidism
- Intussusception
Differential Diagnosis
- Primary nephrotic syndrome
- Minimal-change, membranoproliferative
- Secondary nephrotic syndrome
- Classical characteristics/risk factors:
Periorbital swelling
Proptosis
- Normal IOP
- Orbital cellulitis
- Orbital pseudotumor
- Orbital tumor
- Increased IOP
- Retrobulbar abscess
- Retrobulbar emphysema
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage
- Ocular compartment syndrome
- Orbital tumor
No proptosis
- Periorbital cellulitis/erysipelas
- Dacryocystitis (lacrimal duct)
- Dacryocele/Dacryocystocele
- Dacryostenosis
- Dacryoadenitis (lacrimal gland)
- Allergic reaction
- Nephrotic Syndrome (pediatrics)
Lid Complications
- Blepharitis (crusts)
- Chalazion (meibomian gland)
- Stye (hordeolum) (eyelash folicle)
Other
- Subperiosteal abscess
- Orbital abscess
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis
- Conjunctivitis
- Contact dermatitis
- Herpes zoster
- Herpes simplex
- Sarcoidosis
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Evaluation
- Urinalysis
- Proteinuria > 3.5 g/24 hr, no hematuria
- Spot urine protein : urine creatinine ratio of > 3 - 3.5mg/mg (300 - 350mg/mmol)
- CBC
- CMP
- Pseudohyponatremia due to elevated triglycerides
- Serum albumin < 25 g/L
- Lipid panel, with total cholesterol > 380mg/dL (10 mmol/L)
- ANA, C3, C4, viral hepatitis panel, HIV, SPEP, SIFE, UPEP, ANCA, free light chains, PLA2R
- CXR (only if suspect pleural effusion / pulmonary edema)
- Renal ultrasound
- Only if suspect renal vein thrombosis - hematuria, flank pain, AKI
Management
- Give IV fluids if evidence of hypovolemic shock (even if edema is severe)
- Volume overload
- Treat with furosemide 1-2mg/kg
- May require correction of hypoalbuminemia first; 0.5-1gm/kg
- Steroids
- Effective for minimal-change disease
- Prednisone 2mg/kg/d in 2-3 divided doses x 6 weeks
- Low-salt diet
- Prophylactic anticoagulation for thromboembolic events not recommended, unless patient had previous thrombotic events
Disposition
Admit
- Severe edema
- Pulmonary effusion or respiratory symptoms
- Infection or thrombotic complications
Outpatient nephrology follow up
- Mild-moderate edema
References
- Kodner C. Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Nov 15;80(10):1129-1134.
- ↑ Park SJ and Shin JI. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. Korean J Pediatr. 2011 Aug; 54(8): 322–328.