Choledocholithiasis: Difference between revisions
(5 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* | *Occurs when stone expelled from gallbladder becomes impacted in the common bile duct | ||
*If infected, becomes [[Cholangitis]] | |||
{{Gallbladder background}} | |||
{{Gallbladder disease types}} | |||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*[[RUQ pain]] | *[[RUQ pain]] | ||
**Radiation to the | **Radiation to the right shoulder (phrenic nerve irritation) | ||
**Early pain characterized as colicky | **Early pain characterized as colicky, intermittent | ||
**Once impacted, is constant and severe | **Once impacted, is constant and severe | ||
*[[Nausea and Vomiting]] | *[[Nausea and Vomiting]] | ||
*[[Jaundice]]/scleral icterus | *[[Jaundice]]/scleral icterus | ||
**Caused by | **Caused by buildup of direct bilirubin in blood | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
Line 44: | Line 42: | ||
==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
[[File:Ultrasonography of common bile duct stone, with arrow.jpg|thumb|RUQ ultrasound showing non-obstructing common bile duct stone.]] | |||
* | *[[LFTs]], lipase, and basic chemistry | ||
Imaging | *Imaging | ||
*Ultrasound | **[[RUQ Ultrasound]] | ||
**Noninvasive and quick | ***Noninvasive and quick | ||
**Common bile duct < | ***Common bile duct < 6 mm plus 1mm per decade after 60 yrs old | ||
** | ***US is highly sensitive and specific for [[acute cholecystitis]], much less sensitive/specific in identifying cholelithiasis due to exam limitations (i.e. difficulty identifying the CBD) | ||
*ERCP - highly sensitive and specific, also therapeutic | **ERCP - highly sensitive and specific, also therapeutic | ||
*MRCP - comparable to ERCP | **MRCP - comparable sensitivity/specificity to ERCP | ||
*HIDA Scan - not useful, as IDA (technetium 99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid) can still go into gallbladder | **HIDA Scan - not useful, as IDA (technetium 99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid) can still go into gallbladder | ||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
*Pain | *[[Pain control]] | ||
*Fluid and electrolyte repletion | *[[Fluid resuscitation]] and [[electrolyte repletion]] | ||
*NPO | *NPO | ||
*If any concern for concomitant acute cholecystitis, start antibiotics | *If any concern for concomitant [[acute cholecystitis]], start antibiotics | ||
**Always consider [[ | **Always consider [[cholangitis]] | ||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
*Admission to medical services | *Admission to medical services | ||
**Consult to GI for spherincerotomy and stone removal vs General Surgery for operative management | **Consult to GI for spherincerotomy and stone removal vs General Surgery for operative management | ||
**Strong predictors for choledocholithiasis on ERCP<ref>Magalhaes J et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis: From guidelines to clinical practice. Feb 2015. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Feb 16; 7(2): 128–134.</ref>: | |||
***Clinical ascending [[cholangitis]] | |||
***CBD stones on US | |||
***Total bilirubin > 4 mg/dL | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== |
Latest revision as of 13:10, 2 May 2020
Background
- Occurs when stone expelled from gallbladder becomes impacted in the common bile duct
- If infected, becomes Cholangitis
Anatomy & Pathophysiology
- Gallstones are classified as cholesterol stones and pigmented stones (black and brown), and are present in approx 20% of females and 8% of males in the United States
- These stones cause the majority of all biliary tract problems, and depending on where the stone become impacted, specific problems occur.
- Bile flows out the gallbladder, down the cystic duct into the common bile duct, and ultimately into the 1st portion of the duodenum.
Gallbladder disease types
- Symptomatic cholelithiasis (biliary colic)
- Choledocholithiasis
- Acute calculous cholecystitis
- Ascending cholangitis
- Acalculous cholecystitis
- Biliary atresia
- Cholestasis of pregnancy
Clinical Features
- RUQ pain
- Radiation to the right shoulder (phrenic nerve irritation)
- Early pain characterized as colicky, intermittent
- Once impacted, is constant and severe
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Jaundice/scleral icterus
- Caused by buildup of direct bilirubin in blood
Differential Diagnosis
RUQ Pain
- Gallbladder disease
- Peptic ulcer disease with or without perforation
- Pancreatitis
- Acute hepatitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Pneumonia
- Kidney stone
- GERD
- Appendicitis (retrocecal)
- Pyogenic liver abscess
- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
- Hepatomegaly due to CHF
- Herpes zoster
- Myocardial ischemia
- Bowel obstruction
- Pulmonary embolism
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Evaluation
- LFTs, lipase, and basic chemistry
- Imaging
- RUQ Ultrasound
- Noninvasive and quick
- Common bile duct < 6 mm plus 1mm per decade after 60 yrs old
- US is highly sensitive and specific for acute cholecystitis, much less sensitive/specific in identifying cholelithiasis due to exam limitations (i.e. difficulty identifying the CBD)
- ERCP - highly sensitive and specific, also therapeutic
- MRCP - comparable sensitivity/specificity to ERCP
- HIDA Scan - not useful, as IDA (technetium 99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid) can still go into gallbladder
- RUQ Ultrasound
Management
- Pain control
- Fluid resuscitation and electrolyte repletion
- NPO
- If any concern for concomitant acute cholecystitis, start antibiotics
- Always consider cholangitis
Disposition
- Admission to medical services
- Consult to GI for spherincerotomy and stone removal vs General Surgery for operative management
- Strong predictors for choledocholithiasis on ERCP[1]:
- Clinical ascending cholangitis
- CBD stones on US
- Total bilirubin > 4 mg/dL
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Magalhaes J et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis: From guidelines to clinical practice. Feb 2015. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 Feb 16; 7(2): 128–134.