Template:Waddell's Signs of Non-Organic Back Pain
Waddell's Signs of Non-Organic Low back pain[1]
3 or more positives suggest non-organic or alternative organic source:
- Over-reaction to the examination
- Widespread superficial tenderness not corresponding to any anatomical distribution
- Pain on axial loading of the skull or pain on rotation of the shoulders and pelvis together
- Severely limited straight leg raising on formal testing in a patient who can sit forwards with the legs extended
- Lower limb weakness or sensory loss not corresponding to a nerve root distribution
- ↑ Waddell G, et al. Non-organic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine. 1980; 5:117-125.