Template:Inpatient management of ETOH withdrawal: Difference between revisions

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**Half-life 10-20 h (medium acting)
**Half-life 10-20 h (medium acting)


===[[Propofol]]===
===Other Agents===
*If patient does not respond to high doses of [[benzodiazepines]]
''For use in cases refractory to [[benzodiazepine]] treatment
*0.3-1.25 mg/kg up to 4 mg/kg/hr (consider intubation), for up to 48 hours
*[[Propofol]]
 
**If patient does not respond to high doses of [[benzodiazepines]]
===α-2 agonists ([[Dexmedetomidine]])===
**0.3-1.25 mg/kg up to 4 mg/kg/hr (consider intubation), for up to 48 hours
*Decrease severity of symptoms, but only supplemental to GABA-ergic first-lines
*[[Barbiturates]] ([[Phenobarbital]])
*Dexmedetomidine drip, start 0.2 mcg/kg/min, likely needing no more than 0.7 mcg/kg/min
**Used when refractory to [[benzodiazepines]] (consider after patient has received equivalent of 200 mg diazepam)
 
***[[Phenobarbital]] 130-260 mg IV q 15-20 minutes
===[[Barbiturates]] ([[Phenobarbital]])===
***Can also be used as a first line load at 10 mg/kg prior to giving benzodiazepines to decrease benzodiazepine requirements and ICU admissions <ref> Rosenson J, et al. Phenobarbital for acute alcohol withdrawal: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Emerg Med. 2013; 44(3):592-598.</ref>
*Used when refractory to [[benzodiazepines]] (consider after patient has received equivalent of 200 mg diazepam)
*α-2 agonists ([[Dexmedetomidine]])
*[[Phenobarbital]] 130-260 mg IV q 15-20 minutes
**Decrease severity of symptoms, but only supplemental to GABA-ergic first-lines
*Can also be used as a first line load at 10 mg/kg prior to giving benzodiazepines to decrease benzodiazepine requirements and ICU admissions <ref> Rosenson J, et al. Phenobarbital for acute alcohol withdrawal: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Emerg Med. 2013; 44(3):592-598.</ref>
**Dexmedetomidine drip, start 0.2 mcg/kg/min, likely needing no more than 0.7 mcg/kg/min
 
*[[Ketamine]]
===[[Ketamine]]===
**May have some use in refractory cases
*May have some use in refractory cases
**Blocks the NMDA receptor which is excited an unregulated. <ref>Wong, A et al. Evaluation of adjunctive ketamine to benzodiazepines for management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Jan;49(1):14-9. PMID: 25325907</ref>
*Blocks the NMDA receptor which is excited an unregulated. <ref>Wong, A et al. Evaluation of adjunctive ketamine to benzodiazepines for management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Jan;49(1):14-9. PMID: 25325907</ref>


===Special Situations===
===Special Situations===
*The propylene glycol diluent in [[lorazepam]], [[phenobarbital]], and [[diazepam]], may induce a hyperosmolar anion gap [[metabolic acidosis]] if given as a drip in high doses ≥ 48hrs.<ref>Arroliga AC, Shehab N, McCarthy K, Gonzales JP. Relationship of continuous infusion [[lorazepam]] to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults*. Critical Care Medicine. 2004;32(8):1709–1714. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000134831.40466.39.</ref>  Consider alternatives such as [[propofol]] or [[dexmedetomidine]] if patients need long term sedation for [[delirium tremens]].
*The propylene glycol diluent in [[lorazepam]], [[phenobarbital]], and [[diazepam]], may induce a hyperosmolar anion gap [[metabolic acidosis]] if given as a drip in high doses ≥ 48hrs.<ref>Arroliga AC, Shehab N, McCarthy K, Gonzales JP. Relationship of continuous infusion [[lorazepam]] to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults*. Critical Care Medicine. 2004;32(8):1709–1714. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000134831.40466.39.</ref>  Consider alternatives such as [[propofol]] or [[dexmedetomidine]] if patients need long term sedation for [[delirium tremens]].

Revision as of 09:31, 24 October 2020

Benzodiazepine overview

Agents Equivalent PO dose (mg) Route Onset of Action (min) Half Life (hr) Metabolism
Chlordiazepoxide 25 PO, IV 30 - 120 7-28 CYP; active metabolites
Diazepam 5 PO, IV, IM 2 - 5 20-120 CYP; active metabolites
Lorazepam 1 PO, IM, IV 15-20 8-19 Glucuronidation

Benzodiazepines

  • Diazepam (Valium) 5-10 mg IV (depending on severity)
    • May repeat q5-10 min for severe withdrawal (may increase dose by 10 mg every 5-10 min until desired effect achieved, max dose of 200 mg)
    • Half-life 20-100 h (long acting)
  • Lorazepam (Ativan) 1-4mg IV (depending on severity)
    • May repeat q15-20 min for severe withdrawal (titrated to effect)
    • Rarely causes hepatitis, as opposed to diazepam which may cause a cholestatic hepatitis[1]
    • Half-life 10-20 h (medium acting)

Other Agents

For use in cases refractory to benzodiazepine treatment

  • Propofol
    • If patient does not respond to high doses of benzodiazepines
    • 0.3-1.25 mg/kg up to 4 mg/kg/hr (consider intubation), for up to 48 hours
  • Barbiturates (Phenobarbital)
    • Used when refractory to benzodiazepines (consider after patient has received equivalent of 200 mg diazepam)
      • Phenobarbital 130-260 mg IV q 15-20 minutes
      • Can also be used as a first line load at 10 mg/kg prior to giving benzodiazepines to decrease benzodiazepine requirements and ICU admissions [2]
  • α-2 agonists (Dexmedetomidine)
    • Decrease severity of symptoms, but only supplemental to GABA-ergic first-lines
    • Dexmedetomidine drip, start 0.2 mcg/kg/min, likely needing no more than 0.7 mcg/kg/min
  • Ketamine
    • May have some use in refractory cases
    • Blocks the NMDA receptor which is excited an unregulated. [3]

Special Situations

  1. ↑ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Lorazepam Drug Record. http://livertox.nih.gov/Lorazepam.htm
  2. ↑ Rosenson J, et al. Phenobarbital for acute alcohol withdrawal: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Emerg Med. 2013; 44(3):592-598.
  3. ↑ Wong, A et al. Evaluation of adjunctive ketamine to benzodiazepines for management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Jan;49(1):14-9. PMID: 25325907
  4. ↑ Arroliga AC, Shehab N, McCarthy K, Gonzales JP. Relationship of continuous infusion lorazepam to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults*. Critical Care Medicine. 2004;32(8):1709–1714. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000134831.40466.39.
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