GEMC:Ultrasonography in Emergency Medicine

General

This the main page for the Global Emergency Medicine Curriculum Project's Ultrasonography in Emergency Medicine section. For point of care treatment information see the respective category page and non-GEMC notes.

Overview and Physics of Ultrasound

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 7th ed.

Chapter 197: Emergency Ultrasound

Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine, 7th ed.

Chapter e299.4. Emergency Ultrasonography

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 3: Physics and Image Artifacts

Open Access Journal Articles

Moore, Christopher L., and Joshua A. Copel. Point-of-care ultrasonography. New England Journal of Medicine 364.8 (2011): 749-757. http://phes.co/Newengland/Jr.Venkat/Current%20Concepts%20Point-of-Care%20Ultrasonography,%2002-24-2011..pdf
Hwang, James Q., et al. An evidence-based approach to emergency ultrasound. Emergency medicine practice (2011): 2. http://www.cbbw.com.br/emergenciasanexo1.pdf
Lawrence, John P. Physics and instrumentation of ultrasound. Critical care medicine 35.8 (2007): S314-S322. http://www.sassit.co.za/Journals/Radiology/How%20ultrasound%20works.pdf
Aldrich, John E. Basic physics of ultrasound imaging. Critical care medicine 35.5 (2007): S131-S137. http://online.uminho.pt/pessoas/smcn/MAIO/ultra-som/ultrasound%20physics%20Aldrich%202007.pdf

Blogs & Websites

ACEP Ultrasound Resources http://www.acep.org/content.aspx?id=32182
Emergency Ultrasound Teaching.com http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/
Hennepin County Medical Center ED http://www.hqmeded.com/
NYU EM Ultrasound http://www.nyuemsono.com/
St. Luke's Roosevelt Ultrasound Division http://www.slredultrasound.com/
Ultrasound Elective Manual http://www.slideshare.net/Jared56/ultrasound-elective-manual?from_search=3
Partners In Health: Manual of Ultrasound for Resource-Limited Settings http://www.slideshare.net/pretcat2002/manual-ultrasound
Raúl Alejandro Núñez Torres and Darryl (Darío) Joseph Macias: Ultrasonido en Urgencias (Spanish) http://d.yimg.com/kq/groups/22038980/1640775404/name/El%20ultrasonido%20en%20la%20sala%20de%20urgencias.pdf
Beatrice Hoffmann: Introduction http://www.sonoguide.com/introduction.html
Beatrice Hoffman, C. Heather Rumsey and Matthew S. Nixon: Ultrasound Physics http://www.sonoguide.com/physics.html

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Chris Fox When Ultrasound Really Makes a Difference http://wp.me/pR3VZ-2qD
Peter Vicciellio Head-to-Toe Diagnosis with Ultrasound http://freeemergencytalks.net/2013/11/peter-vicciellio-head-to-toe-diagnosis-with-ultrasound/

Videos

Geoff Hayden Ultrasound Physics and Knobology http://vimeo.com/8729769 (18min)

Extended Focused Assessment for Sonography in Trauma (eFAST)

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 5: Trauma

Open Access Journal Articles

Patel, Nirav Y., and Jody M. Riherd. "Focused assessment with sonography for trauma: methods, accuracy, and indications." Surgical Clinics of North America 91.1 (2011): 195-207. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/FAST15.pdf
Tsui, Chi Leung, et al. "Focused abdominal sonography for trauma in the emergency department for blunt abdominal trauma." International journal of emergency medicine 1.3 (2008): 183-187. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12245-008-0050-2
Kirkpatrick, Andrew W. "Clinician-performed focused sonography for the resuscitation of trauma." Crit Care Med 35.5 (2007). http://slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/FAST12.pdf
Moylan, Mark, et al. "Association between a positive ED FAST examination and therapeutic laparotomy in normotensive blunt trauma patients." The Journal of emergency medicine 33.3 (2007): 265-271. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/FAST5.pdf
Lee, Brett C., et al. "The utility of sonography for the triage of blunt abdominal trauma patients to exploratory laparotomy." American journal of roentgenology 188.2 (2007): 415-421. http://emeddev.wustl.edu/documents/PGYIIUtilityofUSPre-lapartomyAJR2007.pdf
Melniker, Lawrence A., et al. "Randomized controlled clinical trial of point-of-care, limited ultrasonography for trauma in the emergency department: the first sonography outcomes assessment program trial." Annals of emergency medicine 48.3 (2006): 227-235. http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/articles/randomized%20controlled%20clinical%20trial%20of%20point%20of%20care%20limited%20ultrasonography.pdf
Porter, Robert S., et al. "Use of ultrasound to determine need for laparotomy in trauma patients." Annals of emergency medicine 29.3 (1997): 323-330. "Use of Ultrasound to Determine Need for Laparotomy in Trauma Patients." http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/FAST2.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Robert Reardon: eFAST http://www.sonoguide.com/FAST.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: FAST http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/fast

Slide Sets

Petra Duran-Gehring: Ultrasound in Trauma http://www.slideshare.net/pegehring/fast?from_search=1
Fahad Khan: Emergency Ultrasound in Trauma http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CEgQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slredultrasound.com%2FDublin2009%2FKhan%2520-%2520EFAST%2520final.ppt&ei=lbkDUqGFO4Sc9gSCloHACQ&usg=AFQjCNHYts6nWGUXfQoJBCloDwOHsWehfA&sig2=dSVuMAAzdCtXaRrqoErNyA&bvm=bv.50500085,d.eWU

Podcasts

B.M. Terry: FAST as Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Blunt Abdominal Trauma http://freeemergencytalks.net/2010/06/bm-terry-fast-as-predictor-of-clinical-outcome-in-blunt-abdominal-trauma-slides-and-sound/

Videos

Beth Cadigan: The E-FAST Exam http://vimeo.com/34118863 (20min)
Geoff Hayden: eFAST http://vimeo.com/34118863 (20min)
Phillip Perera: Trauma FAST: Right Upper Quadrant http://cmedownload.com/lecture/trauma-fastright-upper-quadrant (22min)
Phillip Perera: Trauma FAST: Left Upper Quadrant http://cmedownload.com/lecture/trauma-fastleft-upper-quadrant (13min)
Phillip Perera: Trauma FAST: Suprapubic View http://cmedownload.com/lecture/trauma-fastsuprabubic-view

Cardiac

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 6: Cardiac

Open Access Journal Articles

Blyth, Lacey, et al. "Bedside Focused Echocardiography as Predictor of Survival in Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Systematic Review." Academic Emergency Medicine 19.10 (2012): 1119-1126. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Cardiac_2012_Blyth_AEM.pdf
Price, Susanna, Shahana Uddin, and Tom Quinn. "Echocardiography in cardiac arrest." Current opinion in critical care 16.3 (2010): 211-215. http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/16659740/1325415243/name/Echocardiography+in+cardiac+arrest.pdf
Beaulieu, Yanick. "Bedside echocardiography in the assessment of the critically ill." Critical care medicine 35.5 (2007): S235-S249. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Cardiac24.pdf
Breitkreutz, Raoul, Felix Walcher, and Florian H. Seeger. "Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm." Critical care medicine 35.5 (2007): S150-S161. http://www.finest-online.org/files/Breitkreutz_et_al._CCM_2007.pdf
Randazzo, Marco R., et al. "Accuracy of emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and central venous pressure using echocardiography." Academic Emergency Medicine 10.9 (2003): 973-977. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/S1069-6563%2803%2900317-8/pdf
Moore, Christopher L., et al. "Determination of left ventricular function by emergency physician echocardiography of hypotensive patients." Academic Emergency Medicine 9.3 (2002): 186-193. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Cardiac2.pdf
Blaivas, Michael, and John Christian Fox. "Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram." Academic Emergency Medicine 8.6 (2001): 616-621. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00174.x/pdf
Mandavia, D. P., et al. "Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians." Annals of emergency medicine 38.4 (2001): 377. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Echo.pdf

Thoracic

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Open Access Journal Articles

Gentry Wilkerson, R., and Michael B. Stone. "Sensitivity of bedside ultrasound and supine anteroposterior chest radiographs for the identification of pneumothorax after blunt trauma." Academic Emergency Medicine 17.1 (2010): 11-17. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00628.x/full
Ball, Chad G., Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, and David V. Feliciano. "The occult pneumothorax: what have we learned?." Canadian Journal of Surgery 52.5 (2009): E173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769131/
Soldati, Gino, et al. "Occult Traumatic Pneumothorax Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasonography in the Emergency Department." CHEST Journal 133.1 (2008): 204-211. http://intranet.emergency.med.ufl.edu/journal_club/021909/Occult%20Traumatic%20Pneumothorax.pdf
Blaivas, Michael, Matthew Lyon, and Sandeep Duggal. "A prospective comparison of supine chest radiography and bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax." Academic Emergency Medicine 12.9 (2005): 844-849. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.005/pdf
Chan, Stewart Siu Wa. "Emergency bedside ultrasound to detect pneumothorax." Academic emergency medicine 10.1 (2003): 91-94. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/aemj.10.1.91/pdf

Blogs & Websites

Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Pneumothorax http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/pneumothorax
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Thorax http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/thorax

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Haney Mallemat: Bedside Thoracic Ultrasound http://freeemergencytalks.net/2012/10/haney-mallemat-bedside-thoracic-ultrasound/
Mike Stone, Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Lung Ultrasound Part 1 http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1444-podcast
Mike Stone, Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Lung Ultrasound Part 2 http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1534-podcast

Video

Sara Damewood: Thoracic Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/46515236 (18min)
Geoff Hayden: Pneumothorax: http://vimeo.com/8817568 (7min)
Phillip Perera: Pneumothorax http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-evaluation-pneumothorax (12min)
Phillip Perera: Effusion http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-pleural-effusions (14min)

Aortic Aneurysm

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 7: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Open Access Journal Articles

Moore, Chris L., et al. "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in asymptomatic at-risk patients using emergency ultrasound." The American journal of emergency medicine 26.8 (2008): 883-887. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/AAA_2008_Moore_AJEM.pdf
Costantino, Thomas G., et al. "Accuracy of emergency medicine ultrasound in the evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysm." The Journal of emergency medicine 29.4 (2005): 455-460. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/AAA_2005_Costantino_JEM.pdf
Knaut, Andrew L., et al. "Ultrasonographic measurement of aortic diameter by emergency physicians approximates results obtained by computed tomography." The Journal of emergency medicine 28.2 (2005): 119-126. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/AAA_2005_Knaut_JEM.pdf
Tayal, Vivek S., Christian D. Graf, and Michael A. Gibbs. "Prospective study of accuracy and outcome of emergency ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysm over two years." Academic emergency medicine 10.8 (2003): 867-871. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/aemj.10.8.867/pdf
Kuhn, Marie, et al. "Emergency department ultrasound scanning for abdominal aortic aneurysm: accessible, accurate, and advantageous." Annals of emergency medicine 36.3 (2000): 219-223. http://slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/AAA3.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Anthony J. Dean and Bon S. Ku: Aortic Aneurysm http://www.sonoguide.com/abdominal_aortic_aneurysm.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Aorta http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/aorta

Slide Sets

Mary Beth Phelan: Focused Emergency Ultrasound: Evaluation of the Abdominal Aorta http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvhemres.com%2Fstorage%2Fstudent-website-pdfs-and-documents%2FUSAAA.ppt&ei=FpICUvzMJYay9gSTxoGADQ&usg=AFQjCNH8uF4IU5gYIMc5cXpbTnIEG63VtA&sig2=P-kr4ViPo1y2Jcm326cnBQ&bvm=bv.50310824,d.eWU
Fahad Khan: Emergency Ultrasound of the Aorta http://ppt.server4.org/e/emergency-ultrasound-of-the-aorta---st-lukes-roosevelt-w1258-ppt.ppt

Podcasts

Tom Costantino: Ultrasound for the Abdominal Aorta http://freeemergencytalks.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/2009-02-12-0900-US-for-Abdominal-Aorta-Tom-Costantino.mp3

Videos

Arthur Au: Aorta Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/41791516 (13min)
Geoff Hayden: Aortic Aneurysm http://vimeo.com/8749805#at=0 (23min)
Phillip Perera: Aortic Aneurysm Part 1 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/aorta-ultrasound-part-1-normal-anatomy (20min)
Phillip Perera: Aortic Aneurysm Part 2 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/aorta-ultrasound-part-2-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm (28min)

Shock and Volume Assessment

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Open Access Journal Articles

Haydar, Samir A., et al. "Effect of Bedside Ultrasonography on the Certainty of Physician Clinical Decisionmaking for Septic Patients in the Emergency." Annals of Emergency Medicine 60.3 (2012). http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Cardiac_2012_Haydar_AnnalsEM.pdf
De Lorenzo, Robert A., et al. "Does a simple bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava correlate to central venous pressure?." The Journal of Emergency Medicine 42.4 (2012): 429-436. http://www.nyuemsono.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Does-a-Simple-Bedside-Sonographic-Measurement-of-the-IVC-Correlate-to-CVP.pdf
Seif, Dina, et al. "Bedside ultrasound in resuscitation and the rapid ultrasound in shock protocol." Critical care research and practice 2012 (2012).http://emcrit.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/New-RUSH-Review-Article1.pdf
Weekes, Anthony J., et al. "Comparison of serial qualitative and quantitative assessments of caval index and left ventricular systolic function during early fluid resuscitation of hypotensive emergency department patients." Academic Emergency Medicine 18.9 (2011): 912-921. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01157.x/pdf
Perera, Phillips, et al. "The RUSH exam: Rapid Ultrasound in Shock in the evaluation of the critically ill." Emergency medicine clinics of North America 28.1 (2010): 29-56. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Guidelines7.pdf
Jones, Alan E., et al. "Randomized, controlled trial of immediate versus delayed goal-directed ultrasound to identify the cause of nontraumatic hypotension in emergency department patients*." Critical care medicine 32.8 (2004): 1703-1708. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Code_2004_Jones_CCM.pdf.

Blogs & Websites

Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Rush http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/rush
Katja Goldflam, Turan Saul, and Resa Lewiss: Focus On: Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound http://www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=80791

Slide Sets

Alexis P Langsfeld: Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava http://ppt.handbook5.com/download.php?id=1294

Podcasts

Abdullah Alsakka: Rapid Ultrasound Assessment of Shock Patient (RUSH) http://freeemergencytalks.net/2012/10/abdullah-alsakka-rapid-ultrasound-asessment-of-the-shock-patient/
Scott D. Weingart, Daniel Duque, and Bret Nelson: Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension – the RUSH Exam http://emcrit.org/rush-exam/
Justin Bowra SMACC: The Dark Art of IVC Ultrasound http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2013/07/smacc-the-dark-art-of-ivc-ultrasound/
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Fluid Responsiveness Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dl46AzMNiNE
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Fluid Responsiveness Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN6K_D3WFsk
Jorge Otero: Critical Care Ultrasound for the New Era (Spanish)

Videos

Jon Fischer: Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/59095991 (30min)
Geoff Hayden: Volume Assessment: http://vimeo.com/8771354 (5min)
Geoff Hayden: Shock: http://vimeo.com/8771181 (7min)

Gallbladder

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 8: Hepatobilary

Open Access Journal Articles

Summers, Shane M., et al. "A prospective evaluation of emergency department bedside ultrasonography for the detection of acute cholecystitis." Annals of emergency medicine 56.2 (2010): 114-122. http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0196-0644/PIIS0196064410000375.pdf
Gaspari, Romolo J., Eitan Dickman, and David Blehar. "Learning curve of bedside ultrasound of the gallbladder." The Journal of emergency medicine 37.1 (2009): 51-56. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/GB_2009_Gaspari_JEM.pdf
Scruggs, William, et al. "Accuracy of ED bedside ultrasound for identification of gallstones: retrospective analysis of 575 studies." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 9.1 (2008): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672232/pdf/wjem-9-0001.pdf
Rosen, Carlo L., et al. "Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis." The American journal of emergency medicine 19.1 (2001): 32-36. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/GB_2001_Rosen_AJEM.pdf
Kendall, John L., and Richard J. Shimp. "Performance and interpretation of focused right upper quadrant ultrasound by emergency physicians." The Journal of emergency medicine 21.1 (2001): 7-13. http://slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/GB1.pdf
Blaivas, Michael, Robert A. Harwood, and Michael J. Lambert. "Decreasing length of stay with emergency ultrasound examination of the gallbladder." Academic emergency medicine 6.10 (1999): 1020-1023. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb01186.x/pdf

Blogs & Websites

J. Christian Fox and William P. Scruggs: Gallbladder http://www.sonoguide.com/biliary.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Gallbladder http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/gallbladder
Uche Blackstock, Stanley Wu, Resa Lewiss, Turan Saul, and William Bagley: Focus On: Bedside Biliary Ultrasound http://www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=64648

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Videos

Geoff Hayden: Gallbladder http://vimeo.com/8933018#at=0 (38min)
Phillip Perera: Gallbladder Part 1 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/hepatobiliary-ultrasound-1 (21min)
Phillip Perera: Gallbladder Part 2 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/hepatobiliary-ultrasound-2 (29min)

Renal

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 10: Renal

Open Access Journal Articles

Dalziel, Peregrine James, and Vicki Elizabeth Noble. "Bedside ultrasound and the assessment of renal colic: a review." (2012).http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Renal_2012_Dalziel_EMJ.pdf
Edmonds, Marcia L., et al. "The utility of renal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal colic in emergency department patients." CJEM 12.3 (2010): 201-206. http://www.cjem-online.ca/v12/n3/p201
Kartal, M., et al. "Prospective validation of a current algorithm including bedside US performed by emergency physicians for patients with acute flank pain suspected for renal colic." Emergency medicine journal 23.5 (2006): 341-344.http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2564078/pdf/341.pdf
Gaspari, Romolo J., and Kurt Horst. "Emergency ultrasound and urinalysis in the evaluation of flank pain." Academic emergency medicine 12.12 (2005): 1180-1184.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2005.06.023/pdf
Noble, Vicki E., and David FM Brown. "Renal ultrasound." Emergency medicine clinics of North America 22.3 (2004): 641-659.http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Renal_2004_Noble_EM_Clinics_NA.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Barbara K. Blok and Beatrice Hoffmann: Renal http://www.sonoguide.com/renal.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Kidney http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/kidney
Teresa Y. Smith, Emily J. Ross, Ninfa Mehta, and Michael Secko: Focus On: Focused Renal Ultrasonography http://www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=88214

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Harry Goett: Renal Ultrasound http://freeemergencytalks.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/2010-08-26-1100-Renal-Ultrasound-Harry-Goett.mp3
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Renal Ultrasound http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=518-podcast

Video

Peregrine Dalziel: Renal Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/69556457 (25min)
Geoff Hayden: Renal http://vimeo.com/8753615#at=0 (26 min)
Phillip Perera: Renal http://cmedownload.com/lecture/urological-ultrasound-kidney-and-bladder (31min)

Early Pregnancy

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 12: First Trimester Pregnancy

Open Access Journal Articles

Stein, John C., et al. "Emergency physician ultrasonography for evaluating patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis." Annals of emergency medicine 56.6 (2010): 674-683. http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0196-0644/PIIS0196064410011960.pdf
Casanova, Bruno C., et al. "Prediction of outcome in women with symptomatic first-trimester pregnancy: focus on intrauterine rather than ectopic gestation." Journal of Women's Health 18.2 (2009): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945719/pdf/jwh.2008.0896.pdf
Blaivas, Michael, et al. "Do emergency physicians save time when locating a live intrauterine pregnancy with bedside ultrasonography?." Academic Emergency Medicine 7.9 (2000): 988-993. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02088.x/pdf

Blogs & Websites

William T. Hosek: Early Pregnancy http://www.sonoguide.com/obgyn.html
Turandot Saul, MD, RDMS, and Resa Lewiss: Focus On - Ultrasound Imaging in First Trimester Pregnancy http://www.acep.org/content.aspx?id=39778
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Pelvis http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/pelvis

Slide Sets

Honor M. Wolfe: First Trimester Ultrasound http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.unc.edu%2Fobgyn%2Fdirect%2Fresidents%2F9-29-2010%2520Wolfe%2520-%2520first%2520trimester%2520ultrasound%2520september%25202010.ppt%2Fat_download%2Ffile&ei=_uECUq3PNY349gSau4GADw&usg=AFQjCNHnYSb1wQR-BiASPao1UbZPCTF9sA&sig2=AGa1-r0-hl-HM0UMR6lVQg&bvm=bv.50310824,d.eWU

Podcasts

Gregory Garra: Ultrasound for Assessing an Ectopic Pregnancy – Pros and Cons of the Discriminatory Zone http://freeemergencytalks.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/1-B-1700-Ultrasound-for-Assessing-an-Ectopic-Pregnancy-Pros-and-Cons-of-the-Discriminatory-Zone-Gregory-Garra-New-York.mp3

Videos

Lorraine Ng: Transabdominal Pelvic Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/41808262 (28min)
Meghan Kelly Herbst: Transvaginal Pelvic Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/52830902 (18min)
Geoff Hayden: Early Pregnancy http://vimeo.com/8753200#at=0 (29min)
Phillip Perera: Early Pregnancy Part 1 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/soundbytes-obgyn-part-1 (29min)
Phillip Perera: Early Pregnancy Part 2 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/soundbytes-obgyn-part-2 (16min)
Phillip Perera: Early Pregnancy IUP http://cmedownload.com/lecture/intrauterine-pregnancy (25mn)
Phillip Perera: Early Pregnancy Ectopic http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ectopic-pregnancy-3 (24min)

Deep Venous Thrombosis

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 15: Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

Open Access Journal Articles

Shiver, Stephen A., et al. "Prospective comparison of emergency physician–performed venous ultrasound and CT venography for deep venous thrombosis." The American journal of emergency medicine 28.3 (2010): 354-358. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/DVT_2010_Shiver_AJEM.pdf
Crisp, Jonathan G., Luis M. Lovato, and Timothy B. Jang. "Compression ultrasonography of the lower extremity with portable vascular ultrasonography can accurately detect deep venous thrombosis in the emergency department." Annals of emergency medicine 56.6 (2010): 601-610. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/DVT_2010_Crisp_Annals_EM.pdf
Burnside, Patrick R., Michael D. Brown, and Jeffrey A. Kline. "Systematic Review of Emergency Physician–performed Ultrasonography for Lower‐Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis." Academic Emergency Medicine 15.6 (2008): 493-498. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00101.x/pdf
Blaivas, Michael. "Ultrasound in the detection of venous thromboembolism." Critical care medicine 35.5 (2007): S224-S234. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/DVT_2007_Blaivas_CCM.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Anthony J. Dean and Bon S. Ku: Deep Vein Thrombosis http://www.sonoguide.com/dvt.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: DVT http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/dvt

Slide Sets

Petra Duran-Gehring: Deep Venous Ultrasound http://www.slideshare.net/pegehring/9-vascular-us
Turandot Saul: Deep Vein Thrombosis http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CFsQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fslredultrasound.com%2FIntranet%2FFacultyLectures%2FSaul%2FSaul_DVT.ppt&ei=ucADUqKlPJTY8gSwsYCoCA&usg=AFQjCNGNI3SbM_LPS2sK_LITljEHYb9ynQ&sig2=7yDZkrAy5bpaWrgVXRLgOg&bvm=bv.50500085,d.eWU

Podcasts

Melanie Stander: Vascular Applications of Emergency Point of Care Ultrasound http://freeemergencytalks.net/2011/12/melanie-stander-south-africa-vascular-applications-of-emergency-point-of-care-ultrasound/
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: DVT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYY8dbqirdA

Video

Frances Russell: DVT Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/52819569 (11min)
Geoff Hayden: Deep Venous Thrombosis http://vimeo.com/8936040 (23min)
Phillip Perera: Deep Venous Thrombosis Part 1 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/dvt-ultrasound-part-1 (24min)
Phillip Perera: Deep Venous Thrombosis Part 2 http://cmedownload.com/lecture/dvt-ultrasound-part-2 (20min)

Vascular Access

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 19: Vascular Access

Open Access Journal Articles

Elia, Fabrizio, et al. "Standard-length catheters vs long catheters in ultrasound-guided peripheral vein cannulation." The American journal of emergency medicine 30.5 (2012): 712-716. http://www.nyuemsono.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Standard-Length-Catheters-vs-Long-Catheters-in-US-guided-Peripheral-Vein-Cannulation.pdf
Shokoohi, Hamid, et al. "Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Access Program Is Associated With a Marked Reduction in Central Venous Catheter Use in Noncritically Ill Emergency Department Patients." Annals of emergency medicine (2012). http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0196-0644/PIIS0196064412015491.pdf
Ho, Anthony M-H., et al. "The medial-transverse approach for internal jugular vein cannulation: an example of lateral thinking." The Journal of emergency medicine 42.2 (2012): 174-177. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Vascular6.pdf
Elizabeth Schoenfeld, M. D., Keith Boniface, and Hamid Shokoohi. "ED technicians can successfully place ultrasound-guided intravenous catheters in patients with poor vascular access." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29 (2011): 496-501. http://www.slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Access21.pdf
Moak, James H., et al. "Needle and guidewire visualization in ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation." The American journal of emergency medicine 29.4 (2011): 432-436. http://slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Vascular9.pdf
Adam Balls, M. D., et al. "Ultrasound guidance for central venous catheter placement: results from the Central Line Emergency Access Registry Database." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 28 (2010): 561-567. http://lcbaxterlibrary.tripod.com/ereserves/internal_medicine_journal_club/7.30.10.3.pdf
Ortega, Rafael, et al. "Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation." New England Journal of Medicine 362.16 (2010). http://jvsmedicscorner.com/ICU-Procedures_files/Ultrasound-Guided%20Internal%20Jugular%20Vein%20Cannulation.pdf
Bauman, Michael, M. D. Darren Braude, and Cameron Crandall. "Ultrasound-guidance vs. standard technique in difficult vascular access patients by ED technicians." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 27 (2009): 135-140. http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/Nurse_IV_2009_Bauman_AJEM.pdf
Stein, John, et al. "Ultrasonographically Guided Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Emergency Department Patients With Difficult Intravenous Access: A Randomized Trial." Annals of Emergency Medicine 54.1 (2009).http://www.emergencyultrasoundteaching.com/assets/articles/vascaccess_2009_Stein_Annals_EM.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Rajesh Geria and Beatrice Hoffmann: Vascular Access http://www.sonoguide.com/line_placement.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Peripheral IV http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/peripheral-iv-access

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Peripheral Venous Cannulation http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1323-podcast
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Internal Jugular Central Venous Line http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1308-podcast
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Radial Arterial Catheterization http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1343-podcast

Videos

Jennifer Marin: Ultrasound Guided Peripheral IV Placement http://vimeo.com/41543020# (11min)
Arun Nagdev: Ultrasound Guided Central Venous Cannulation http://vimeo.com/44255343 (20min)
Geoff Hayden: Vascular Access http://vimeo.com/8733523 (14min)
Phillip Perera: Peripheral Vascular Access http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-guidance-peripheral-iv-insertion (26min)
Phillip Perera: Central Vascular Access http://cmedownload.com/lecture/central-venous-access (22min)
Phillip Perera: Supraclavicular Central Access http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-guidance-supraclavicular-vein-central-venous-access (13min)

Procedural

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 20: Additional Ultrasound-Guided Proceedures

Open Access Journal Articles

Nazeer, Shameem R., Hillary Dewbre, and Adam H. Miller. "Ultrasound-assisted paracentesis performed by emergency physicians vs the traditional technique: a prospective, randomized study." The American journal of emergency medicine 23.3 (2005): 363-367. http://slredultrasound.com/Filesandpictures/Paracentesis1.pdf
Fletcher, Alan K., Alan S. Rigby, and Francis LP Heyes. "Three-in-one femoral nerve block as analgesia for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial." Annals of emergency medicine 41.2 (2003): 227-233. http://www.nyuemsono.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/A-Comparison-of-US-guided-Three-in-One-Femoral-Nerve-Block-vs.-Parenteral-Opioids-Alone-for-Analgesia-in-ED-Patients-with-Hip-Fractures.pdf

Blogs & Websites

Rajesh Geria: Pericardiocentesis http://www.sonoguide.com/pericardiocentesis.html
Rajesh Geria: Thoracentesis http://www.sonoguide.com/thoracentesis.html
Rajesh Geria: Paracentesis http://www.sonoguide.com/paracentesis.html
Leonard V. Bunting: US Guided Nerve Blocks http://www.sonoguide.com/nerve_block.html
Kelly Maurelus, Michael Secko, and Ninfa Mehta: Focus On: Ultrasound for Thoracentesis http://www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=90738
Diane Scheer, Michael Secko, and Ninfa Mehta: Focus On: Ultrasound-Guided Paracentesis http://www.acep.org/Education/Continuing-Medical-Education-%28CME%29/Focus-On/Focus-On--Ultrasound-Guided-Paracentesis/
Aparajita Sohoni, Andrew Herring, Mike Stone, and Arun Nagdev: Focus On: Ultrasound-Guided Forearm Nerve Blocks http://www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=82259

Slide Sets

Turandot Saul: Ultrasound Guided Lumbar Puncture http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slredultrasound.com%2FIntranet%2FFacultyLectures%2FSaul%2FLP.ppt&ei=YroDUu3DEZGO9ASejIGIDA&usg=AFQjCNERQIvz-DegkguEaCG8EN-qe-QI4g&sig2=MCH3uHjeBes_jyLAjAGBeA&bvm=bv.50500085,d.eWU

Podcasts

Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Pericardiocentesis http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1695-podcast
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Thoracentesis http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1741-podcast
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Paracentesis http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=1723-podcast
Connor Nickels: Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks & Regional Anaesthesia http://freeemergencytalks.net/2012/07/connor-nickels-usa-ultrasound-guided-nerve-blocks-regional-anaesthesia/
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Femoral Nerve http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=425-podcast
Mike Stone, Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks Part 1 http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=553-podcast
Mike Stone, Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks Part 2 http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=557-podcast

Videos

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks from Stamford School of Regional Anesthesia - http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=SSRAUSA&oq=SSRAUSA&gs_l=youtube.3...0.0.0.95217.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0...1ac..11.youtube
- Fascia Iliata Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6X0IiYolIk
- Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYM2sft8R2I
- Interscalene Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhFs-batCSY
- Saphenous Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_Xmlqrn68Q
- Femoral Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwtvZ0tC9ng
- Supraclavicular Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgH5RWkhD0g
- Sciatic Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h14Ee2yAmUU
Radial Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd7KeoP8lHA
Median Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_ve-mNaYmI
Ulnar Nerve Block - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3u7VhsAlxhI
Phillip Perera: Thoracentesis http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-guidance-thoracentesis (21min)
Phillip Perera: Paracentesis http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-guidance-paracentesis (16min)
Negean Vandordaklou: Ultrasound Guided Procedures: Lumbar Puncture, Paracentesis and Thoracentesis http://vimeo.com/59095992

Testicular

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 11: Testicular

Open Access Journal Articles

Cannis, Mark, Thomas Mailhot, and Phillips Perera. "Bedside Ultrasound in a Case of Blunt Scrotal Trauma." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 14.2 (2013): 127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628458/ http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/content/29/1/11.full.pdf+html
Yagil, Yael, et al. "Role of Doppler ultrasonography in the triage of acute scrotum in the emergency department." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 29.1 (2010): 11-21.
Blaivas, Michael, Paul Sierzenski, and Michael Lambert. "Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography." Academic Emergency Medicine 8.1 (2001): 90-93.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00563.x/pdf

Blogs & Websites

Srikar R. Adhikari: Testicular http://www.sonoguide.com/smparts_testicular.html

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Testicular Ultrasound Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcKFOQTFJS4
Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Testicular Ultrasound Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKky4k0kYOc

Video

Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 16: Soft Tissue

Open Access Journal Articles

Tayal, Vivek S., et al. "The Effect of Soft‐tissue Ultrasound on the Management of Cellulitis in the Emergency Department." Academic emergency medicine 13.4 (2006): 384-388. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2005.11.074/pdf
Squire, Benjamin T., John Christian Fox, and Craig Anderson. "ABSCESS: applied bedside sonography for convenient evaluation of superficial soft tissue infections." Academic emergency medicine 12.7 (2005): 601-606. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2005.01.016/pdf

Blogs & Websites

James H. Moak: Hip Sonography http://vimeo.com/46518256#at=0 (17min)
Matt Fields: Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Muscles & Tendons http://vimeo.com/41682960 14min)
Brian Euerle: Soft Tissue http://www.sonoguide.com/soft_tissue.html
Brian Euerle: Abscess, I&D http://www.sonoguide.com/abscess.html
Rajesh Geria: Foreign Bodies http://www.sonoguide.com/foreign_bodies.html
John Lin and William Weadock: Musculoskeletal Ultrasound http://www.med.umich.edu/rad/muscskel/mskus/index.html
Mount Sinai Emergency Medicine Ultrasound: Soft Tissue- Abscess http://sinaiem.us/tutorials/soft-tissue-abscess

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Radius Fracture http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/2013/04/ultrasound-of-radius-fracture-what-thats-right-diagnose-it-and-guide-your-reduction-with-us-foamed/

Videos

Geoff Hayden: Soft Tissue http://vimeo.com/8815198 (17min)
Geoff Hayden: Foreign Bodies http://vimeo.com/8773180 (10min)
Phillip Perera: Soft Tissue Infection http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-soft-tissue-infections (15min)
Phillip Perera: Soft Tissue Infection Hand Infection http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-evaluations-hand-infections (9min)
Diku P. Mandavia: Bone Fracture http://cmedownload.com/lecture/bone-fractures (1min)
Phillip Perera: Ligaments/Tendons: http://cmedownload.com/lecture/musculoskeletal-ultrasoundligaments-and-tendons (14min)
Phillip Perera: Foreign Bodies http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-foreign-bodies (14min)
Diku P. Mandavia: Hand Foreign Body http://cmedownload.com/lecture/hand-foreign-body (4min)
Phillip Perera: Lumbar Puncture http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-guidance-lumbar-puncture (12min)

Ocular

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Emergency Ultrasound. John O. Ma, James R. Mateer, and Michael Blaivas. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Chapter 17: Ocular Ultrasound

Open Access Journal Articles

Schott, Meghan L., Jessica E. Pierog, and Sarah R. Williams. "Pitfalls in the Use of Ocular Ultrasound for Evaluation of Acute Vision Loss." The Journal of emergency medicine (2013). http://www.nyuemsono.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pitfalls-in-the-Use-of-Ocular-Ultrasound-for-Evaluation-ofnbspAcutenbspVision-Loss.pdf
Kimberly, Heidi Harbison, et al. "Correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure." Academic Emergency Medicine 15.2 (2008): 201-204. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.00031.x/pdf
Blaivas, Michael. "Bedside emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular pathology." Academic Emergency Medicine 7.8 (2000): 947-950. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02080.x/pdf

Blogs & Websites

Srikar R. Adhikari: Ocular http://www.sonoguide.com/smparts_ocular.html

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Jeffrey M. Freeman: Ultrasound Imaging to Assess Increased Intracranial Pressure http://freeemergencytalks.net/2011/12/jeffrey-m-freeman-michigan-ultrasound-imaging-to-assess-increased-intracaranial-pressure/

Videos

Turandot Saul: Ocular Ultrasound http://vimeo.com/41575053 (25min)
Phillip Perera: Ocular Ultrasound http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ocular (33min)

ENT

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Open Access Journal Articles

Blogs & Websites

Srikar R. Adhikari: ENT http://www.sonoguide.com/smparts_ent.html

Slide Sets

Podcasts

Rob Orman, Matt Dawson and Mike Mallin: Peritonsillar Abscess http://www.ultrasoundpodcast.com/?powerpress_pinw=376-podcast

Videos

Phillip Perera: ENT http://cmedownload.com/lecture/ultrasound-evaluation-peritonsillar-abscess (13min)

Pediatric

Book Chapters - May Not Be Open Access

Open Access Journal Articles

Vieira, Rebecca L., and Richard Bachur. "Bedside Ultrasound in Pediatric Practice." Pediatrics 133.1 (2014): 1-3.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/1/1.full
Tsung, James W., David O. Kessler, and Vaishali P. Shah. "Prospective application of clinician-performed lung ultrasonography during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic: distinguishing viral from bacterial pneumonia." Critical ultrasound journal 4.1 (2012): 1-10.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2036-7902-4-16#page-1
Fox, J. Christian, et al. "Test characteristics of focused assessment of sonography for trauma for clinically significant abdominal free fluid in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma." Academic Emergency Medicine 18.5 (2011): 477-482. Fox, J. Christian, et al. "Test characteristics of focused assessment of sonography for trauma for clinically significant abdominal free fluid in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma." Academic Emergency Medicine 18.5 (2011): 477-482.