Lyme disease: Difference between revisions
 
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== Background ==
==Background==
*Tick Borne - ''Ixodes'' black-legged ticks
[[File:Lyme Disease Risk Map.gif|thumb|National Lyme disease risk map with 4 categories of risk.]]
*Endemic Areas: NE, E US Coasts
[[File:Ixodes scapularis.jpg|thumb|Ixodes tick]]
*Caused by spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi''  
*Caused by spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi''
*Peak in May to Aug
** Typically carried on Ixodes scapularis aka Deer tick
**The spirochete ''Borrelia mayonii'' has been a new strain implicated in cases in the midwest<ref>Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DKH, et al.Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infectious Disease. Published Online: 05 February 2016. </ref>
*Endemic to the northeastern US
*Peak time of infection is May to August
*Stages: Early localized infection, early disseminated, and late disseminated
*Stages: Early localized infection, early disseminated, and late disseminated
[[File:Ixodes scapularis.jpg|thumb|Ixodes tick]]


== Clinical Features ==
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Erythema migrans - erythematous rash in Lyme disease - PHIL 9875.jpg|thumb|"Classic" bull's-eye rash (i.e. erythema migrans) found in 70%-80% of cases<ref name=CDC-Signs-Symptoms-April-2011>[http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/ Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease], CDC, page last reviewed: June 16, 2015.</ref>]]
''3 Distinct Stages - Not all patients suffer all stages, and stages may overlap with remissions between stages''


3 Distinct Stages - Not all patients suffer all stages, and stages may overlap with remiss ions b/w stages
===Early Localized Infection (7-14 Days)===
*Erythema Chronicum Migrans: Occurs at site of tick bite, beginning with red macule that expands outward. Starts 3-30 days after bite and occurs in 70-80% of cases
*Erythema migrans rash more often without central clearing
*Fatigue, low grade [[fever]], migrating [[arthralgia]], lymphadenopathy, [[headache]], nausea/[[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]]


===Early Localized Infection (7-14d)===
===Early Disseminated Infection (Days to Weeks)===
*Erythema Chronicum Migrans: At bite site beginning w/ red macule that expands outward. Occurs 60-80% of cases
*Skin- Multiple annular lesions that spare the palm and soles
*Fatigue, low grade fever, migrating arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, headache, N/V, abd pain
*Nervous System-fluctuating [[meningoencephalitis]], [[headache]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[cranial nerve palsies]] (ie 7th-can be bilateral) peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy  
===Early Disseminated Infection (Days to weeks)===
*Cardiovascular: [[AV blocks]], [[RBBB]], [[dysrhythmias]], LV dysfunction  
*Skin-mult annular lesions sparing palm/soles
*Eye: [[Conjunctivitis]], keratitis, [[retinal detachment]], [[optic neuritis]]
*Nervous System-fluctuating meningoencephalitis, HA, N/V, CN palsies (ie 7th-can be bilateral) peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy  
*Cardiovascular: AV blocks, RBBB, dysrhythmias, LV dysfunction  
*Eye: Conjunctivitis, keratitis, retinal detachment, optic neuritis


===Late Disseminated Infection (Months to Years)===
===Late Disseminated Infection (Months to Years)===
*Arthritis: Monarticular/oligoarticular asymmetric arthritis (large joints-commonly knee)  
*Arthritis: Monarticularule outligoarticular asymmetric arthritis (large joints-commonly knee)  
**Brief episodes separated with complete remission  
**Brief episodes separated with complete remission  
**Migratory pattern may occur  
**Migratory pattern may occur  
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==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
*Enterovirus  
*[[Enterovirus]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Mononucleosis]]
*[[Mononucleosis]]
*Connective tissue disease  
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*Erythema Multiforme  
*[[Erythema Multiforme]]
*CAD  
*CAD  
*Acute rheumatic fever  
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*Aseptic [[Meningitis]]
*Aseptic [[Meningitis]]
*[[HSV]] encephalitis  
*[[HSV]] encephalitis  
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*[[Multiple Sclerosis]]  
*[[Multiple Sclerosis]]  
*[[Guillain-Barre]]
*[[Guillain-Barre]]
*Cerebral Vascultitis
*Cerebral vasculitis
*Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
 
{{Differential Diagnosis Polyarthritis}}


{{Tick borne illnesses DDX}}
{{Tick borne illnesses DDX}}


== Diagnosis ==
==Evaluation==


*ELISA if positive obtain confirmatory Western blot  
*ELISA if positive obtain confirmatory Western blot  
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*Cultures, serologies  
*Cultures, serologies  
*LP with lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, normal glucose, + spirochete antibody, paired serum/CSF serologic tests,PCR  
*LP with lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, normal glucose, + spirochete antibody, paired serum/CSF serologic tests,PCR  
**Must be performed in patients with neuro findings (facial nerve palsy, meningoencephalitis, etc)
**CNS Lyme disease will be treated with ceftriaxone
*Arthrocentesis, serologic testing of fluid
*Arthrocentesis, serologic testing of fluid


== Management ==
==Management==
No risk when duration of attachment <24 hrs
''No risk when duration of attachment <24 hrs''
 
===Prophylaxis===
*Adult: [[Doxycycline]] 200mg PO x1
*Child >8: 4mg/kg up to 200mg PO x1
*Give if all of the following are met:
**Tick is adult/nymphal ''I. scapularis''
**Tick was attached >36 hours based on degree of engorgement or exposure time
**Prophylaxis can be given within 72 hrs after time tick was removed
**Local rate of infection in ticks >20%
**Doxycycline is not contraindicated
*Old vaccine has little to no efficacy after 1 year


===Early Localized Infection===
===Early Localized Infection===


*Treat before serologic testing if endemic area if + erythema migrans rash  
*Treat before serologic testing if endemic area if + erythema migrans rash  
**'''[[Doxycycline]]''' 100 mg PO BID x 14-21 days  
**'''[[Doxycycline]]''' 100 mg PO BID x 10 days <ref name="IDSA guidelines">Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology
***Also treats human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease. Lantos et al. Neurology Feb 2021, 96 (6) 262-273; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011151</ref>
**'''[[Amoxicillin]]''' 500 mg PO TID x 14-21 days  
***Acceptable for all pediatric patients when used for 21 days or less
***Preferred in pregnant, lactating, children &lt;8
***Also treats human granulocytic [[ehrlichiosis]]
**[[Cefuroxime]] axetil 500 mg PO BID x 14-21 days  
**'''[[Amoxicillin]]''' 500 mg PO TID x 14 days <ref name="IDSA guidelines"/>
**[[Macrolides]]-not first line
***Preferred in pregnant, lactating
*Jarisch-Herxheimer like reaction can occur in first 24 hrs of treatment (fevers, chills, myalgia, tachycardia)
**[[Cefuroxime]] axetil 500 mg PO BID x 14 days <ref name="IDSA guidelines"/>
**[[Macrolides]]- not first line
*[[Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction|Jarisch-Herxheimer]] like reaction can occur in first 24 hrs of treatment (fevers, chills, myalgia, tachycardia)


===Early Disemminated===
===Early Disemminated===
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*'''[[Ceftriaxone]]''' 2g IVq12h x 14-28 days  
*'''[[Ceftriaxone]]''' 2g IVq12h x 14-28 days  
**[[Doxycycline]] 200-400 mg/d divided into two doses q day x 10-28 days  
**[[Doxycycline]] 200-400mg/d divided into two doses q day x 10-28 days  
***Preferred for facial palsy or Lyme meningitis (lack of efficacy studies other medications)
**[[Penicillin G]], [[Cefotaxime]]
**[[Penicillin G]], [[Cefotaxime]]


===Cardiac Disease===  
===Cardiac Disease===


*Mild (1st degree AV with PR &lt;0.3 sec)  
*Mild (1st degree AV with PR <0.3 sec)  
**[[Doxycycline]]/[[Amoxicillin]] PO  
**[[Doxycycline]]/[[Amoxicillin]] PO  
*Severe (HIgh-degree AV block)  
*Severe (HIgh-degree AV block)  
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*[[Ceftriaxone]]/[[Pen G]] IV
*[[Ceftriaxone]]/[[Pen G]] IV


== Disposition ==
==Disposition==
===Outpatient===
===Outpatient===
*Early Disease  
*Early Disease  
*Late Disease: If chronic neurologic/arthritic manifestations may be able to manage as outpt
*Late Disease: If chronic neurologic/arthritic manifestations may be able to manage as outpatient
*F/u with PMD, rheum, ID <br>  
*Follow up with primary care, rheum, ID <br>


===Admission===
===Admission===
*Lyme carditis-cardiac monitoring  
*Lyme carditis-cardiac monitoring  
*Prominent neurologic symptoms for IV antibiotics and further care
*Prominent neurologic symptoms for IV antibiotics and further care
== Prophylaxis ==
*Adult: [[Doxycycline]] 200 mg PO x1
*Child >8: 4 mg/kg up to 200 mg PO x1
*Give if all of the following are met:
**Tick is adult/nymphal ''I. scapularis''
**Tick was attached >36 hours based on degree of engorgement or exposure time
**Prophylaxis can be given within 72 hrs after time tick was removed
**Local rate of infection in ticks >20%
**Doxycycline is not contraindicated
*Old vaccine has little to no efficacy after 1 year


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Tick Borne Illnesses]]
*[[Tick Borne Illnesses]]
*[[Bell's palsy]]
*[https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200107123450207?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Allen C. Steere, "Lyme disease" N Engl J Med 2001; 345:115-125. Accessed 13 Jan 2021.]
*[[In-training exam review]]
==External Links==
*[https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html CDC: Lyme Disease]


== Source ==
==References==
Harwood and Nuss
<references/>


[[Category:ID]]
[[Category:ID]]

Latest revision as of 17:04, 6 May 2022

Background

National Lyme disease risk map with 4 categories of risk.
Ixodes tick
  • Caused by spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Typically carried on Ixodes scapularis aka Deer tick
    • The spirochete Borrelia mayonii has been a new strain implicated in cases in the midwest[1]
  • Endemic to the northeastern US
  • Peak time of infection is May to August
  • Stages: Early localized infection, early disseminated, and late disseminated

Clinical Features

"Classic" bull's-eye rash (i.e. erythema migrans) found in 70%-80% of cases[2]

3 Distinct Stages - Not all patients suffer all stages, and stages may overlap with remissions between stages

Early Localized Infection (7-14 Days)

  • Erythema Chronicum Migrans: Occurs at site of tick bite, beginning with red macule that expands outward. Starts 3-30 days after bite and occurs in 70-80% of cases
  • Erythema migrans rash more often without central clearing
  • Fatigue, low grade fever, migrating arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, headache, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain

Early Disseminated Infection (Days to Weeks)

Late Disseminated Infection (Months to Years)

  • Arthritis: Monarticularule outligoarticular asymmetric arthritis (large joints-commonly knee)
    • Brief episodes separated with complete remission
    • Migratory pattern may occur
  • Nervous System: Subtle encephalopathy, fatigue, polyneuropathy

Differential Diagnosis

Polyarthritis

Algorithm for Polyarticular arthralgia

Tick Borne Illnesses

Evaluation

  • ELISA if positive obtain confirmatory Western blot
  • PCR
  • Cultures, serologies
  • LP with lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, normal glucose, + spirochete antibody, paired serum/CSF serologic tests,PCR
    • Must be performed in patients with neuro findings (facial nerve palsy, meningoencephalitis, etc)
    • CNS Lyme disease will be treated with ceftriaxone
  • Arthrocentesis, serologic testing of fluid

Management

No risk when duration of attachment <24 hrs

Prophylaxis

  • Adult: Doxycycline 200mg PO x1
  • Child >8: 4mg/kg up to 200mg PO x1
  • Give if all of the following are met:
    • Tick is adult/nymphal I. scapularis
    • Tick was attached >36 hours based on degree of engorgement or exposure time
    • Prophylaxis can be given within 72 hrs after time tick was removed
    • Local rate of infection in ticks >20%
    • Doxycycline is not contraindicated
  • Old vaccine has little to no efficacy after 1 year

Early Localized Infection

  • Treat before serologic testing if endemic area if + erythema migrans rash
  • Jarisch-Herxheimer like reaction can occur in first 24 hrs of treatment (fevers, chills, myalgia, tachycardia)

Early Disemminated

Lyme Meningitis

Cardiac Disease

Arthritis

Disposition

Outpatient

  • Early Disease
  • Late Disease: If chronic neurologic/arthritic manifestations may be able to manage as outpatient
  • Follow up with primary care, rheum, ID

Admission

  • Lyme carditis-cardiac monitoring
  • Prominent neurologic symptoms for IV antibiotics and further care

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DKH, et al.Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infectious Disease. Published Online: 05 February 2016.
  2. ↑ Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease, CDC, page last reviewed: June 16, 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lyme Disease. Lantos et al. Neurology Feb 2021, 96 (6) 262-273; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011151
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