Pericardial effusion and tamponade: Difference between revisions
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==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
===[[Ultrasound: Cardiac|Ultrasound]]=== | |||
*Pericardial effusion | |||
**In acute cases, even a relatively small build up of pericardial fluid can lead to hemodynamic compromise | |||
*Diastolic collapse of the right atrium (in atrial diastole) | |||
*Diastolic collapse of the right ventricle | |||
*Plethoric IVC | |||
*Valvular pulsus parodoxus | |||
**Doppler interrogation across the mitral valve will demonstrate exaggerated respiratory variability of transvalvular flow | |||
[[File:Pericardial Effusion.png|300px]] | [[File:Pericardial Effusion.png|300px]] | ||
===[[ECG]]=== | |||
*Can be normal | |||
*Tachycardia (bradycardia is ominous finding) | |||
*Electrical alternans | |||
*Low voltage | |||
**All limb lead QRS amplitudes <5 mm or I+II+III<15;<ref>Mattu A, Brady W. ECGs for the Emergency Physician 2, BMJ Books 2008.</ref> | |||
**OR All precordial QRS amplitudes <10 mm or V1+V2+V3<30 | |||
===[[CXR]]=== | |||
*Enlarged cardiac silhouette | |||
===[[Pulsus Paradoxus]]=== | |||
*>10mmHg change in systolic BP on inspiration | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
Revision as of 22:06, 28 August 2016
Background
- Always consider in patient with PEA
- Always consider in patient with myocardial stab wound (80% result in tamponade)
- GSW is less likely to result in tamponade b/c pericardial defect is larger
- Pathophysiology
- Increased pericardial pressure > decreased RV filling > decreased CO
Etiology
- Hemopericardium
- Trauma
- Iatrogenic (misplaced central line)
- Bleeding diathesis
- Ventricular rupture (post-MI)
- Non-hemopericardium
- Cancer - most commonly lung, breast
- Melanoma has predilection for heart
- May be related to radiation, infection, chemotherapy
- Pericarditis
- Infectious
- Uremic (renal failure)
- HIV complications (infection, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma)
- SLE
- Post-radiation
- Myxedema
- Cancer - most commonly lung, breast
Differential Diagnosis
Chest pain
Critical
- Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
- Aortic dissection
- Cardiac tamponade
- Coronary artery dissection
- Esophageal perforation (Boerhhaave's syndrome)
- Pulmonary embolism
- Tension pneumothorax
Emergent
- Cholecystitis
- Cocaine-associated chest pain
- Mediastinitis
- Myocardial rupture
- Myocarditis
- Pancreatitis
- Pericarditis
- Pneumothorax
Nonemergent
- Aortic stenosis
- Arthritis
- Asthma exacerbation
- Biliary colic
- Costochondritis
- Esophageal spasm
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Herpes zoster / Postherpetic Neuralgia
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Hyperventilation
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Panic attack
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Pleuritis
- Pneumomediastinum
- Pneumonia
- Rib fracture
- Stable angina
- Thoracic outlet syndrome
- Valvular heart disease
- Muscle sprain
- Psychologic / Somatic Chest Pain
- Spinal Root Compression
- Tumor
Clinical Features
- Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fatigue
- CHF-type appearance
- Narrow pulse pressure
- Friction rub
- Pulsus paradoxus (dec in BP on inspiration)
- Beck's Triad (33% of patients)
- Hypotension, muffled heart sounds, JVD
Evaluation
Ultrasound
- Pericardial effusion
- In acute cases, even a relatively small build up of pericardial fluid can lead to hemodynamic compromise
- Diastolic collapse of the right atrium (in atrial diastole)
- Diastolic collapse of the right ventricle
- Plethoric IVC
- Valvular pulsus parodoxus
- Doppler interrogation across the mitral valve will demonstrate exaggerated respiratory variability of transvalvular flow
ECG
- Can be normal
- Tachycardia (bradycardia is ominous finding)
- Electrical alternans
- Low voltage
- All limb lead QRS amplitudes <5 mm or I+II+III<15;[1]
- OR All precordial QRS amplitudes <10 mm or V1+V2+V3<30
CXR
- Enlarged cardiac silhouette
Pulsus Paradoxus
- >10mmHg change in systolic BP on inspiration
Management
Hemorrhagic Tamponade
- Can occur if ECG read as STEMI/NSTEMI and heparin started
- Pericardiocentesis
- Temporizing measure until thoracotomy can be performed
- IVF to increase RV volume and maintain preload
- Medications
Non-hemorrhagic Tamponade
- Pericardiocentesis
- Dialysis for patients with known renal failure
Disposition
- Admit with cardiology/CT surgery consult
See Also
References
- ↑ Mattu A, Brady W. ECGs for the Emergency Physician 2, BMJ Books 2008.