Cellulitis: Difference between revisions
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*Most often caused by strep, staph, [[MRSA]] | *Most often caused by strep, staph, [[MRSA]] | ||
*H.flu is most common cause in the orbit. | *H.flu is most common cause in the orbit. | ||
[[File:Cellulitis Of The Leg.jpg|thumb|Cellulitis of the leg]] | |||
==Clinical Features== | |||
*[[Rash]] | |||
**Local erythema, warmth, swelling | |||
**Tender indistinct margins | |||
*Can be accompanied by fever, chills, malaise, headache, nausea/vomiting | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
[[ | ===Work-up=== | ||
*[[Ultrasound: Soft tissue|Ultrasound]] can be helpful | |||
* | ===Evaluation=== | ||
*Generally clinical diagnosis, may be assisted by ultrasound (above) | |||
==Management== | |||
===[[Antibiotics]]=== | |||
{{Cellulitis antibiotics}} | |||
===Predictors of Treatment Failure<ref>Peterson D. et al. Predictors of failure of empiric outpatient antibiotic therapy in emergency department patients with uncomplicated cellulitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 May;21(5):526-31.</ref>=== | ===Predictors of Treatment Failure<ref>Peterson D. et al. Predictors of failure of empiric outpatient antibiotic therapy in emergency department patients with uncomplicated cellulitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 May;21(5):526-31.</ref>=== | ||
*Fever (T>38°C) at triage (odds ratio [OR] 4.3) | *Fever (T>38°C) at triage (odds ratio [OR] 4.3) | ||
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*Prior cellulitis in the same area (OR 2.1) | *Prior cellulitis in the same area (OR 2.1) | ||
*Cellulitis at a wound site (OR 1.9) | *Cellulitis at a wound site (OR 1.9) | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Hand | *[[Hand cellulitis]] | ||
*[[Erysipelas]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Derm]] | [[Category:Derm]] | ||
Revision as of 08:35, 22 August 2015
Background
- Acute non-purulent spreading infection of the subcutanous tissue, causing overlying skin inflammation
- Most often caused by strep, staph, MRSA
- H.flu is most common cause in the orbit.
Clinical Features
- Rash
- Local erythema, warmth, swelling
- Tender indistinct margins
- Can be accompanied by fever, chills, malaise, headache, nausea/vomiting
Differential Diagnosis
General
Skin and Soft Tissue Infection
- Cellulitis
- Erysipelas
- Lymphangitis
- Folliculitis
- Hidradenitis suppurativa
- Skin abscess
- Necrotizing soft tissue infections
- Mycobacterium marinum
Look-A-Likes
- Sporotrichosis
- Osteomyelitis
- Deep venous thrombosis
- Pyomyositis
- Purple glove syndrome
- Tuberculosis (tuberculous inflammation of the skin)
Hand Infection
Hand and finger infections
- Bed bugs
- Closed fist infection (Fight Bite)
- Hand cellulitis
- Hand deep space infection
- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
- Herpetic whitlow
- Felon
- Flexor tenosynovitis
- Paronychia
- Scabies
- Sporotrichosis
Look-Alikes
Diagnosis
Work-up
- Ultrasound can be helpful
Evaluation
- Generally clinical diagnosis, may be assisted by ultrasound (above)
Management
Antibiotics
Tailor antibiotics by regional antibiogram[1]
Outpatient
Coverage primarily for Strep
MRSA coverage only necessary if cellulitis associated with: purulence, penetrating trauma, known MRSA colonization, IV drug use, or SIRS[2]
- 5 day treatment duration, unless symptoms do not improve within that timeframe[2]
- Cephalexin 500mg PO q6hrs OR
- Clindamycin 450mg PO TID covers both Strep and Staph
- Tetracyclines (like Doxycycline) should be avoided in non-purulent cellulitis due to high rates of Strep resistance[5]
Inpatient
- Vancomycin 20mg/kg IV q12hrs OR
- Clindamycin 600mg IV q8hrs OR
- Linezolid 600mg IV q12hrs OR
- Daptomycin 4mg/kg IV once daily
coverage extended for Vibrio vulnificus
- Doxycycline 100mg PO/IV q12hrs daily + Cefepime 1g IV q12hrs x 10 days
- Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12hrs x 10 days
- Ciprofloxacin 750mg PO q12hrs x 10 days
coverage extended for Aeromonas sp
- Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12hrs x 10 days
- Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO q12hrs x 10 days
- TMP/SMX 2 DS tablets (5mg/kg) PO q12hrs x 10 days
- Ceftriaxone 1g (50mg/kg) IV q24hrs
Predictors of Treatment Failure[6]
- Fever (T>38°C) at triage (odds ratio [OR] 4.3)
- Chronic leg ulcers (OR 2.5
- Chronic edema or lymphedema (OR 2.5)
- Prior cellulitis in the same area (OR 2.1)
- Cellulitis at a wound site (OR 1.9)
See Also
References
- ↑ Stevens D, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10-e52
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stevens D, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10-e52
- ↑ Cadena J, et al. Dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 55.12 (2011): 5430-5432.
- ↑ Pallin D, et al. Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical infectious diseases 56.12 (2013): 1754-1762
- ↑ Traub, W and Leonhard, B. Comparative susceptibility of clinical group A, B, C, F, and G beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates to 24 antimicrobial drugs. Chemotherapy 43.1 (1997):10-20.
- ↑ Peterson D. et al. Predictors of failure of empiric outpatient antibiotic therapy in emergency department patients with uncomplicated cellulitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 May;21(5):526-31.