Nausea and vomiting: Difference between revisions

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{{Adult top}} [[nausea and vomiting (peds)]]. For nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, see [[hyperemesis gravidarum]].''
==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Nausea_and_vomiting.png|thumb|Nausea and Vomiting Algorithm]]


==Work-Up==
==Clinical Features==
#CBC
*Nausea and/or vomiting
#Chemistry
*Additional features of underlying process
#Urine pregnancy
#LFTs
#Lipase
#APAP, ASA, digoxin levels
#UA
#?Abd xray
#?CT
#?US


== Complications ==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Hypovolemia
{{Nausea and vomiting DDX}}
#Metabolic alkalosis
#Hypokalemia
#Mallory-Weiss (tear)
#Boerhaave (rupture)
#Aspiration


== DDX by organ system ==
===By organ system===
===GI===
====GI====
#Peptic ulcer disease
*[[Peptic ulcer disease]]
#Obstruction
*[[Bowel obstruction|Obstruction]]
##Adhesion
**Adhesion
##SBO/LBO
**[[Small bowel obstruction]]/LBO
##Gastric outlet obstruction
***[[SMA syndrome]]
#Pancreatitis
**Gastric outlet obstruction
#Gastroparesis
**[[Gastric volvulus]]
#Appendicitis
**[[Bezoar]]
#Cholecystitis
*[[Pancreatitis]]
#Cholangitis
*[[Gastroparesis]]
#Hepatitis
*[[Appendicitis]]
#IBD
*[[Cholecystitis]]
#Intussusception
*[[Cholangitis]]
#Tumor
*[[Acute Hepatitis]]
#Strangulated hernia
*[[IBD]]
#Volvulus
*[[Intussusception]]
#Mesenteric ischemia
*Tumor
#Esophageal disorders (e.g. achalasia)
*Strangulated [[hernia]]
#Functional disorders
*[[Volvulus]]
##Psychogenic
*[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
##IBS
*Esophageal disorders (e.g. [[achalasia]])
#Pyloric stenosis
*Functional disorders
===Neurologic===
**Psychogenic
#Head injury
**[[IBS]]
#[[CVA]]
*[[Pyloric Stenosis]]
#Pseudotumor
#Hydrocephalus
#Mass lesion
#[[Meningitis]]
#Migraines
#[[Labyrinthitis]]
#Meniere disease
#Motion sickness
#[[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]]


===Infectious===
====Neurologic====
#Bacterial toxins
*[[Head injury]]
#[[PNA]]
*[[CVA]]
#[[SBP]]
*[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]]
#[[UTI]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
#Viruses (adeno, norwalk, rota
*[[Intracranial mass|Mass lesion]]
===Drugs/Toxins===
*[[Meningitis]]
#Toxic doses
*[[Migraine]]
##Digoxin
*[[Labyrinthitis]]
##ASA
*[[Meniere's disease]]
##APAP
*[[Motion sickness]]
#NSAIDs
*[[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]]
#Opiates
#ETOH
#Anticonvulsants
#Abx
#Antiarrhythmics
#Toxins
##Organophosphates
##CO
##Ricin
===Endocrine===
#Pregnancy
#[[Hyponatremia]]
#Adrenal insufficiency
#[[DKA]]
#Thyroid/parathyroid disorders
#[[Uremia]]


===Miscellaneous===
====Infectious====
#[[ACS]]
*[[Bacteria]]l toxins
#Gonadal torsion
*[[Pneumonia]]
#[[Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[SBP]]
#Pain
*[[UTI]]
#Acute glaucoma
*Viruses ([[adenovirus]], [[norovirus]], [[rotavirus]])
#Anorexia/bulimia
#Depression


==DDx by Severity==
====Drugs/Toxins====
=== Critical ===
*Toxic doses
#[[Boerhaave]]
**[[Digoxin toxicity]]
#Ischemic bowel
**[[Aspirin toxicity]]
#[[ICH]]
**[[Acetaminophen toxicity]]
#[[Meningitis]]
**[[Ipecac toxicity]]
#[[DKA]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
#[[AMI]]
*[[Opioids]]
#[[Sepsis]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Anticonvulsants]]
*[[Antibiotics]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*Toxins
**[[Organophosphates]]
**[[Carbon monoxide]]
**[[Ricin]]
*[[Acute radiation syndrome]]


=== Emergent ===
====Endocrine====
#Gastric outlet obstruction
*[[Pregnancy]], [[hyperemesis gravidarum]]
#[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Hyponatremia]]
#[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
#Bowel obstruction/ileus
*[[DKA]]
#Ruptured viscus
*[[Thyroid]]/parathyroid disorders
#[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Uremia]]
#Peritonitis
#Migraine
#CNS tumor
#raised ICP
#Adrenal insuffciency
#Hyperemesis gravidarum
#Tylenol
#Digoxin
#ASA
#Theophyline
#Gonadal torsion
#CO
#[[Electrolyte Disorders]]
===Nonemergent===
#[[Gastritis]]
#Gastroparesis
#PUD
#Gastroenteritis
#Biliary colic
#Hepatitis
#Thyroid
#Pregnancy
#Erythromycin
#Ibuprofen
#Chemotherapy
#Narcotics/wdwl from
#ETOH
#UTI
#Renal colic
#Motion sickness
#Labyrinthitis


== Peds ==
====Miscellaneous====
*[[ACS]]
*[[Ovarian torsion|ovarian]]/[[testicular torsion]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis]]
*Pain
*[[Acute angle-closure glaucoma]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]/[[bulimia nervosa]]
*[[Depression]]


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0" bgcolor="#666666" width="100%"
==Evaluation==
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
''Varies widely depending on clinical presentation''
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" colspan="2" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Newborn''' 
*CBC
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
*Chemistry
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
*Urine pregnancy
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Esophageal stenosis/atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal stenosis/atresia, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, meconium ileus/plug, Hirschsprung disease, imperforate anus, enteric duplications
*[[LFTs]]
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
*Lipase
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
*APAP, ASA, digoxin levels
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, kernicterus
*[[Urinalysis]]
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
*?[[Abdominal xray]]
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
*?CT
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
*?[[Ultrasound]]
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism (urea cycle, amino/organic acid, carbohydrate), congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, necrotizing enterocolitis, milk allergy, GI perforation
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" colspan="2" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Infant (<12 mo)'''&nbsp;
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Pyloric stenosis, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, enteric duplications, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, pertussis, hepatitis
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Child (>12 mo)'''&nbsp;
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | &nbsp;
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum, acquired esophageal stricture, peptic ulcer disease, adhesions, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, cerebral edema, postconcussive, migraine
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, hepatitis, streptococcal pharyngitis
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis, diabetes mellitus, Reye syndrome, porphyria
|- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose, appendicitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, Crohn disease, pregnancy, psychogenic, cyclic vomiting syndrome
|}


== Source ==
==Management==
*Rosen
*Treat underlying pathology
*Tintinalli
*Address [[electrolyte derangements]] and [[dehydration]] as needed
*[[Antiemetics]]
*Inhaled isopropyl alcohol (sniffing an alcohol wipe) has been shown to reduce mild to moderate nausea and vomiting<ref>Lindblad AJ, Ting R, Harris K. Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(8):580.</ref>
 
==Disposition==
*Depends on cause
*Most non-specific episodes of acute nausea and vomiting may be discharged, if:
**No emergent/urgent cause identified or suspected
**Patient tolerating fluids after treatment
 
==Complications==
*[[Hypovolemia]]
*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Mallory-Weiss]] (tear)
*[[Boerhaave]] (rupture)
*Aspiration
 
==See Also==
*[[Nausea and vomiting (peds)]]
*[[Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy]]
*[[Antiemetics]]
 
==External Links==
 
==References==
<references/>


[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:Peds]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]

Latest revision as of 22:49, 3 May 2023

This page is for adult patients. For pediatric patients, see: nausea and vomiting (peds). For nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, see hyperemesis gravidarum.

Background

Nausea and Vomiting Algorithm

Clinical Features

  • Nausea and/or vomiting
  • Additional features of underlying process

Differential Diagnosis

Nausea and vomiting

Critical

Emergent

Nonemergent

By organ system

GI

Neurologic

Infectious

Drugs/Toxins

Endocrine

Miscellaneous

Evaluation

Varies widely depending on clinical presentation

Management

Disposition

  • Depends on cause
  • Most non-specific episodes of acute nausea and vomiting may be discharged, if:
    • No emergent/urgent cause identified or suspected
    • Patient tolerating fluids after treatment

Complications

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Lindblad AJ, Ting R, Harris K. Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(8):580.
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