Thrombolytics for pulmonary embolism
Overview
- For most hemodynamically stable patients, thrombolytic therapy is NOT indicated
- Major controversy exists regarding thrombolytic therapy in submassive PE. [1][2][3] The mortality benefit may be greatest in patients with right ventricular dysfunction. [4]
- Bleeding risk is increased with increasing age especially in the group ≥ 65 yo[5]
- There is no evidence suggesting administering thrombolytics within a certain window of time improves outcomes [6]
- There is no evidence suggesting administering thrombolytics empirically during cardiac arrest improves outcomes
- In patients with PEA secondary to confirmed PE, administration of thrombolytics may be indicated[7]
Indications
- Patients with massive PE (i.e. persistent hypotension SBP <90 for ≥15 mins or requiring inotropic support) and acceptable risk of bleeding complications[8]
- Can be considered in initially hemodynamically stable patients (i.e. submassive PE) who acutely decompensate despite anticoagulation
- develop persistent hypotension (massive PE)
- increasing heart rate
- JVD or worsening right heart failure
- worsening gas exchange
- signs of shock
Evaluation
- See Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Massive PE[9]
- Acute with
- Sustained hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg for at least 15 minutes or requiring inotropic support, not due to a cause other than PE, such as arrhythmia, hypovolemia, sepsis, or left ventricular [LV] dysfunction) - ACCP 2016
- Other definitions include pulselessness or persistent profound bradycardia (heart rate <40 bpm with signs or symptoms of shock)
- Acute with
- Submassive PE[10]
- Acute without systemic hypotension (see above) but with either RV dysfunction or myocardial necrosis
- RV dysfunction means the presence of at least 1 of the following:
- RV dilation (apical 4-chamber RV diameter divided by LV diameter >0.9) or RV systolic dysfunction on echocardiography
- RV dilation (4-chamber RV diameter divided by LV diameter >0.9) on CT
- Elevation of BNP (>90 pg/mL)
- Elevation of N-terminal pro-BNP (>500 pg/mL); or
- Electrocardiographic changes (new complete or incomplete right bundle-branch block, anteroseptal ST elevation or depression, or anteroseptal T-wave inversion)
- Myocardial necrosis is defined as either of the following:
- Elevation of troponin I (>0.4 ng/mL) or
- Elevation of troponin T (>0.1 ng/mL)
- RV dysfunction means the presence of at least 1 of the following:
- Acute without systemic hypotension (see above) but with either RV dysfunction or myocardial necrosis
Contraindications
Absolute contraindications
- Any prior intracranial hemorrhage
- Known structural intracranial cerebrovascular disease (e.g. AVM)
- Known malignant intracranial neoplasm
- Ischemic stroke within last 3 months
- Suspected aortic dissection
- Active bleeding or bleeding diathesis
- Recent surgery encroaching on the spinal canal or brain
- Recent closed-head or facial trauma with radiographic evidence of bony fracture or brain injury
Relative contraindications
- Age >75 years
- Current use of anticoagulation
- PE in Pregnancy
- Noncompressible vascular punctures
- Traumatic or prolonged CPR (>10min)
- Recent internal bleeding (within 2 to 4 weeks)
- History of chronic, severe, and poorly controlled hypertension
- Severe uncontrolled hypertension on presentation (sys BP >180 or dia BP >110)
- Dementia
- Remote (>3 months) ischemic stroke
- Major surgery within 3 weeks
Administration
- Standard dose: Alteplase 100mg over 2 hours [11][12]
- Alternative dose (preferred): Alteplase 50mg over 2 hours (efficacy equal with fewer complications than 100mg) [13] or alternatively for crashing patients, 20mg IV bolus followed by infusion over two hours for the remaining medication [14]
- Half-dose regimen can be considered in patients >65yo, higher bleeding risk, or submassive PE (see MOPETT trial)
- Systemic therapy is recommended over catheter-directed therapy
- Cardiac arrest dose:[15]
- Tenecteplase (not FDA approved for PE) - 50 mg bolus or 0.5 mg/kg bolus has been used for PEA arrest
- Alteplase - 50 mg of by IV Push over ~60 seconds
- Continue CPR for 30-60 minutes after lytic administration.
Related Instructions
- Review contraindications
- Several trials continued unfractionated heparin (UFH) to target aPTT 1.5-2.5x baseline during thrombolytic administration so this would be standard [19][20]
- However, discontinuing anticoagulation can be considered while administering thrombolytics
- Always obtain serial aPTT every 4 hours after completion of thrombolytic
- If heparin was discontinued during thrombolysis, resume heparin without a loading dose when aPTT <2x upper limit of normal
- Ongoing CPR from 2010 AHA Guidelines is not an absolute contraindication, and some studies suggest permitting 15 min of CPR to allow thrombolysis to work[21]
Complications
- Major bleeding[22]
- Major bleeding OR 2.73 (9.24% vs 3.42%) compared to anticoagulant alone
- Intracranial hemorrhage OR 4.63 (1.46% vs 0.19%)
- There was no statistically significant increase in major bleeding risk in patients 65yo or younger
- No standard or evidence-based reversal regimen exists but general guidelines include: [23]
- Supportive care (e.g. transfusion)
- Cryoprecipitate (contains fibrinogen) 10 units or more to achieve fibrinogen level >150 mg/dL
- TXA or aminocaproic acid are antifibrinolytics, but limited data
- PCC or FFP can be considered, but generally as adjuncts to cryoprecipitate
- Consider vitamin K
- Platelets controversial (theoretical benefit, but a small study showed worsening ICH with platelets)
- Consider neurosurgical intervention if large ICH is found on CT
See Also
- Pulmonary embolism (main)
Thrombolytics for pulmonary embolism
- Clinical Page
- Research summary page: EBQ:Thrombolysis in Pulmonary Embolism Metanalysis
External Links
- Example of decision making guide factoring in size of PE and lytics contraindications: https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pe/#algorithm
- http://emcrit.org/emcrit/aha-pulmonary-embolism-guidelines-2011/
References
- ↑ Elliott C. et al. Fibrinolysis of Pulmonary Emboli — Steer Closer to Scylla.
- ↑ Sharifi M et al. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the “MOPPETT trial). J Cardiol 2013; 111: 273-7
- ↑ Meyer G. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. NEJM 2014; 370(15): 1402-1411
- ↑ Chatterjee. S et al. Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism and risk of all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2014; 311(23):2414-21. PubMed ID: 24938564.
- ↑ EBQ:Thrombolysis_in_Pulmonary_Embolism_Metanalysis#Outcomes
- ↑ Daniels L et al. Relation of duration of symptoms with response to thrombolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1997 Jul 15;80(2):184-8
- ↑ 15. Sharifi M et al. Pulseless electrical activity in pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the “PEAPETT” study). Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Oct;34(10):1963-1967. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.06.094
- ↑ ACCP 9th Edition of the Antithrombotic Therapy Guidelines: Kearon C et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease. Chest. 2012;141:e419s – e494s. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2301.
- ↑ Circulation 2011;123:1788
- ↑ Circulation 2011;123:1788
- ↑ Martin C et al. Systemic thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism: a review. P T. 2016 Dec; 41(12):770-775.
- ↑ Kearon C et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease. Chest. 2016;149(2):315-352. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11026
- ↑ Wang C, Zhai Z, Yang Y, Wu Q, Cheng Z, Liang L, Dai H, Huang K, Lu W, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Shen YH; China Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Study Group. Efficacy and safety of low dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):254-62. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0765. Epub 2009 Sep 9. PMID: 19741062; PMCID: PMC7126994.
- ↑ https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pe/
- ↑ Scott Weingart. EMCrit 261 – Thrombolysis during Cardiac Arrest. EMCrit Blog. Published on December 12, 2019. Accessed on December 13th 2019. Available at https://emcrit.org/emcrit/thrombolysis-cardiac-arrest/
- ↑ Fatovich D, Dobb G, Clugston R. A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation. 2004;61(3):309-313.
- ↑ Bozeman W, Kleiner D, Ferguson K. Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation. 2006;69(3):399-406.
- ↑ Böttiger B, Arntz H, Chamberlain D, et al. Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(25):2651-2662.
- ↑ Konstantinides S et al. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 10;347(15):1143-50.
- ↑ Meyer G et al. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10;370(15):1402-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302097.
- ↑ Hayes BD. What’s the Code Dose of tPA? Updated August 2016. https://www.aliem.com/2013/whats-code-dose-of-tpa/.
- ↑ Chatterjee S et al. Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism and risk of all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014 Jun 18;311(23):2414-21. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.5990.
- ↑ Yaghi S, et al. Treatment and Outcome of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Alteplace in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the AHA/ASA. Stroke. 2017;48:e343–e361