Vaso-occlusive pain crisis: Difference between revisions

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***[[IVF]] bolus may lead to atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and acute chest syndrome. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis due to normal saline may further precipitate sickling. <ref> Glassberg, J., Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease in the emergency department.Emerg Med Pract, 2011. 13(8): p. 1-20</ref> <ref> Carden, M.A., et al., Variations in pediatric emergency medicine physician practices for intravenous fluid management in children with sickle cell disease and vaso-occlusive pain: A single institution experience.Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2018. 65(1) </ref> <ref> Carden, M.A., et al., Normal Saline Bolus Use in Pediatric Emergency Departments is Associated with Worse Pain Control in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and Vaso-occlusive Pain.Am J Hematol, 2019. </ref>
***[[IVF]] bolus may lead to atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and acute chest syndrome. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis due to normal saline may further precipitate sickling. <ref> Glassberg, J., Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease in the emergency department.Emerg Med Pract, 2011. 13(8): p. 1-20</ref> <ref> Carden, M.A., et al., Variations in pediatric emergency medicine physician practices for intravenous fluid management in children with sickle cell disease and vaso-occlusive pain: A single institution experience.Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2018. 65(1) </ref> <ref> Carden, M.A., et al., Normal Saline Bolus Use in Pediatric Emergency Departments is Associated with Worse Pain Control in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and Vaso-occlusive Pain.Am J Hematol, 2019. </ref>
***There are no randomized controlled trials that have assessed the safety and efficacy of different routes, types or quantities of fluid.<ref>Okomo U, Meremikwu MM. Fluid replacement therapy for acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005406. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005406.pub4</ref>
***There are no randomized controlled trials that have assessed the safety and efficacy of different routes, types or quantities of fluid.<ref>Okomo U, Meremikwu MM. Fluid replacement therapy for acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005406. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005406.pub4</ref>
*O2 if [[hypoxic]]; otherwise may inhibit erythropoiesis
*O2 if [[hypoxia]]; otherwise may inhibit erythropoiesis


===Anemia===
===Anemia===

Revision as of 04:03, 24 September 2019

Background

Precipitating Factors

  • Stress
  • Cold weather
  • Dehydration
  • Hypoxia
  • Infection
  • Acidosis
  • Alcohol intoxication
  • Pregnancy
  • Exertional stress

Clinical Features[1]

  • Pain
    • Most common manifestation of SCA (79-91% of ED visits)
    • Lower back, long bones most commonly affected

Differential Diagnosis

Sickle cell crisis

Evaluation

  • CBC
    • Because anemia can precipitate a crisis, must check for acute hemoglobin drop
  • Chemistry / LFT / lipase
    • If abdominal pain, may be cholecystitis, mesenteric ischemia, or perforation
  • Retic count (if aplastic crisis considered - rare in adults)
    • Should be >0.5%
  • T&S/T&C
  • Urine pregnancy
  • CXR
    • If cough, shortness of breath, or febrile

Management

  • Analgesia
  • Hydration
    • Controversial
      • Dehydration promotes sickling
      • IVF bolus may lead to atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and acute chest syndrome. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis due to normal saline may further precipitate sickling. [4] [5] [6]
      • There are no randomized controlled trials that have assessed the safety and efficacy of different routes, types or quantities of fluid.[7]
  • O2 if hypoxia; otherwise may inhibit erythropoiesis

Anemia

  • Transfusion PRBCs 10 mL/kg over 2hr period
  • Indications:
    • Aplastic crisis
    • Sequestration crisis
    • hemoglobin <6 with inappropriately low retic count

Disposition

Consider admission

Consider discharge

  • Pain is under control and patient can take oral fluids and medications
  • Ensure appropriate oral analgesics are available
  • Provide home care instructions
  • Ensure resource for follow-up

See Also

External Links

References

  1. Lovett P. et al. Sickle cell disease in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014 Aug;32(3):629-47
  2. *Lyness, D., & Motov, S. (2016, July 7). CERTA Opioid Alternatives and Analgesics. Retrieved July 25, 2016, from http://www.propofology.com/infographs/certa-opioid-alternatives-as-analgesics
  3. *Lyness, D., & Motov, S. (2016, July 7). CERTA Opioid Alternatives and Analgesics. Retrieved July 25, 2016, from http://www.propofology.com/infographs/certa-opioid-alternatives-as-analgesics
  4. Glassberg, J., Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease in the emergency department.Emerg Med Pract, 2011. 13(8): p. 1-20
  5. Carden, M.A., et al., Variations in pediatric emergency medicine physician practices for intravenous fluid management in children with sickle cell disease and vaso-occlusive pain: A single institution experience.Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2018. 65(1)
  6. Carden, M.A., et al., Normal Saline Bolus Use in Pediatric Emergency Departments is Associated with Worse Pain Control in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and Vaso-occlusive Pain.Am J Hematol, 2019.
  7. Okomo U, Meremikwu MM. Fluid replacement therapy for acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005406. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005406.pub4