Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
*Untreated mortality is >90% | |||
*Similar clinical symptoms but different pathophysiology than [[HUS]] | |||
**[[HUS]] More common in pediatrics | |||
*'''[[Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)]] + [[thrombocytopenia|low Platelets]] is TTP until proven otherwise''' | |||
*Can occur as a result of [[Plavix]] (clopidogrel) use, especially within the first 2 weeks | |||
== | ===Pathophysiology=== | ||
*Insufficient ADAMTS-13 activity allows vWF multimers to accumulate in microcirculation which leads to platelet aggregation/thrombocytopenia and hemolysis of RBCs. Platelet clots are transient, but the symptoms especially neuro, can be in flux. | |||
== | ===Risk Factors=== | ||
*Congenitally deficient ADAMTS-13 activity AND: | |||
**[[Pregnancy]] '''OR''' | |||
**[[Infection]] '''OR''' | |||
**Inflammation '''OR''' | |||
**Medication use ([[quinolones]], [[ticlopidine]], [[clopidogrel]]) | |||
==Clinical Features<ref>George J: Clinical practice. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1927</ref>== | |||
===Pentad (rarely all present)=== | |||
#[[Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)]] | |||
#[[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
#[[Fever]] | |||
#[[AKI|Renal pathology]] | |||
#CNS abnormalities ([[headache]], [[seizure]], [[altered mental status]], [[CVA]], [[coma]]) | |||
#*Neuro symptoms are often transient, may not be present in ED | |||
;TTP pentad mnemonic = '''FAT RN''' | |||
*Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal, Neuro Symptoms | |||
*''All features DO NOT need to be present at the same time'' | |||
*Consider diagnosis without the full pentad | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
*Other MAHAs (eg, [[HUS]], [[DIC]], [[malignant hypertension]]) | |||
*[[ITP]] | |||
*[[Sepsis]] | |||
*[[SLE]] | |||
*[[HELLP]] syndrome | |||
*Anemia, platelet count, and LDH tend to be more severe in TTP; LFTs more severe in HELLP | |||
{{Hemolytic anemia DDX}} | |||
{{Thrombocytopenia}} | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
*CBC with peripheral smear (anemia, '''microspherocytes''', thrombocytopenia are suggestive findings) | |||
*LDH (elevated) | |||
*Haptoglobin (decreased) | |||
*Reticulocyte count (appropriate) | |||
*[[Urinalysis]] (hemoglobinuria) | |||
*Creatinine (possibly elevated) | |||
*[[LFTs]] (increased bilirubin) | |||
*PT/PTT/INR (normal; differentiates from [[DIC]]) | |||
*Urine pregnancy (significant association between pregnancy and TTP) | |||
*Gel electrophoresis | |||
==Management== | |||
''Management ideally done in consultation with heme/onc''<ref>George J. How I treat patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: 2010. Blood 2010; 116:4060</ref> | |||
*'''[[Plasma exchange]] (plasmapheresis)''' | |||
**Replaces defective or insufficient ADAMTS-13 and clears vWF multimers | |||
*'''Transfusion of [[pRBCs]]''' (only severe bleeding) | |||
**Generally only indicated if plasma exchange cannot be performed immediately | |||
*'''[[FFP]] Transfusion''' | |||
**Contains ADAMTS-13 | |||
**Should only be initiated if delay in plasmapheresis | |||
*'''[[Glucocorticoids]]''' | |||
**Consider 1 mg/kg [[prednisone]] PO or [[methylprednisolone]] 125 mg IV<ref>Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, Kickler TS. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:398.</ref><ref> | |||
Balduini CL, Gugliotta L, Luppi M, et al. High versus standard dose methylprednisolone in the acute phase of idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a randomized study. Ann Hematol 2010; 89:591.</ref> | |||
*'''[[Splenectomy]]''' - 2nd line therapy after stabilization | |||
**Inhibitor antibody is made in the spleen | |||
*[[Platelet transfusion]] is '''AVOIDED''' | |||
**Only used for life-threatening bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage under guidance from hematologist | |||
**Platelet infusion may lead to acutely worsened thrombosis, renal failure, and death | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Admit for plasma exchange | |||
==See Also== | |||
*[[Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)]] | |||
*[[HUS]] | |||
*[[DIC]] | |||
*[[HELLP]], [[SLE]], [[Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)]] | |||
*[[ITP]] | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Heme/Onc]] | [[Category:Heme/Onc]] |
Revision as of 18:52, 1 October 2019
Background
- Untreated mortality is >90%
- Similar clinical symptoms but different pathophysiology than HUS
- HUS More common in pediatrics
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA) + low Platelets is TTP until proven otherwise
- Can occur as a result of Plavix (clopidogrel) use, especially within the first 2 weeks
Pathophysiology
- Insufficient ADAMTS-13 activity allows vWF multimers to accumulate in microcirculation which leads to platelet aggregation/thrombocytopenia and hemolysis of RBCs. Platelet clots are transient, but the symptoms especially neuro, can be in flux.
Risk Factors
- Congenitally deficient ADAMTS-13 activity AND:
- Pregnancy OR
- Infection OR
- Inflammation OR
- Medication use (quinolones, ticlopidine, clopidogrel)
Clinical Features[1]
Pentad (rarely all present)
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)
- Thrombocytopenia
- Fever
- Renal pathology
- CNS abnormalities (headache, seizure, altered mental status, CVA, coma)
- Neuro symptoms are often transient, may not be present in ED
- TTP pentad mnemonic = FAT RN
- Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal, Neuro Symptoms
- All features DO NOT need to be present at the same time
- Consider diagnosis without the full pentad
Differential Diagnosis
- Other MAHAs (eg, HUS, DIC, malignant hypertension)
- ITP
- Sepsis
- SLE
- HELLP syndrome
- Anemia, platelet count, and LDH tend to be more severe in TTP; LFTs more severe in HELLP
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- HELLP syndrome
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
- Malignant hypertension
- Scleroderma
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
- Other medical causes: malignancy, renal allograft rejection, vasculitides like polyarteritis nodosa and Wegener's granulomatosis
- Drugs: chemotherapy; Clopidogrel (Plavix) associated with TTP
- Nonvascular causes: prosthetic valve (more common with mechanical, more common at aortic valve), LVAD, TIPS, coil embolization, patched AV shunt, AVM
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased production
- Marrow infiltration (tumor or infection)
- Viral infections (rubella, HIV)
- Marrow suppression (commonly chemotherapy or radiation)
- Congenital thrombocytopenia
- Fanconi anemia
- Alport syndrome
- Bernand Soulier
- Vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency
Increased platelet destruction or use
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Viral infections (HIV, mumps, varicella, EBV)
- Drugs (heparin, protamine)
- Postransfusion or Posttransplantation
- Autoimmune destruction (SLE or Sarcoidosis)
- Mechanical destruction
- Artificial valves
- ECMO
- HELLP syndrome
- Excessive hemorrhage
- Hemodialysis, extracorporeal circulation
- Splenic Sequestration
- Occurs in Sickle cell disease and Cirrhosis
Drug Induced
- sulfa antibiotics, ETOH, ASA, thiazide diuretics/furosemide
Comparison by Etiology
ITP | TTP | HUS | HIT | DIC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
↓ PLT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
↑PT/INR | No | No | No | +/- | Yes |
MAHA | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
↓ Fibrinogen | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Ok to give PLT | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
Evaluation
- CBC with peripheral smear (anemia, microspherocytes, thrombocytopenia are suggestive findings)
- LDH (elevated)
- Haptoglobin (decreased)
- Reticulocyte count (appropriate)
- Urinalysis (hemoglobinuria)
- Creatinine (possibly elevated)
- LFTs (increased bilirubin)
- PT/PTT/INR (normal; differentiates from DIC)
- Urine pregnancy (significant association between pregnancy and TTP)
- Gel electrophoresis
Management
Management ideally done in consultation with heme/onc[2]
- Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
- Replaces defective or insufficient ADAMTS-13 and clears vWF multimers
- Transfusion of pRBCs (only severe bleeding)
- Generally only indicated if plasma exchange cannot be performed immediately
- FFP Transfusion
- Contains ADAMTS-13
- Should only be initiated if delay in plasmapheresis
- Glucocorticoids
- Consider 1 mg/kg prednisone PO or methylprednisolone 125 mg IV[3][4]
- Splenectomy - 2nd line therapy after stabilization
- Inhibitor antibody is made in the spleen
- Platelet transfusion is AVOIDED
- Only used for life-threatening bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage under guidance from hematologist
- Platelet infusion may lead to acutely worsened thrombosis, renal failure, and death
Disposition
- Admit for plasma exchange
See Also
References
- ↑ George J: Clinical practice. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1927
- ↑ George J. How I treat patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: 2010. Blood 2010; 116:4060
- ↑ Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, Kickler TS. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:398.
- ↑ Balduini CL, Gugliotta L, Luppi M, et al. High versus standard dose methylprednisolone in the acute phase of idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a randomized study. Ann Hematol 2010; 89:591.