Flash pulmonary edema: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Differentiate this from acute CHF exacerbation or hypotensive cardiogenic shock, which does not display sympathetic overdrive
*Different from acute [[CHF]] exacerbation or hypotensive [[cardiogenic shock]], which do not have sympathetic overdrive
*Pts can decompensate rapidly, so rapid intervention required.
*Patients can decompensate rapidly, so rapid intervention required
*Pts are generally more fluid depleted despite "wet" lungs, so don't give diuretics
*Patients are generally more fluid depleted despite "wet" lungs, so do ''not'' give diuretics
*Usually hx of poorly controlled HTN
*Usually history of poorly controlled [[hypertension]]
**Acute afterload increase causes pulmonary edema and poor peripheral perfusion
**Acute afterload increase causes [[pulmonary edema]] and poor peripheral perfusion
**Sympathetic surge occurs as a result of decreased systemic perfusion
**Sympathetic surge occurs as a result of decreased systemic perfusion
**Afterload further increases and pt rapidly decompensates
**Afterload further increases and patient rapidly decompensates


[[File:PulmEdema.png|thumb|Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides.]]
[[File:PulmEdema.png|thumb|Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides.]]
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==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
*Rales, crackles
*Rales, crackles
*SBP > 180 mmHg
*[[Hypertensive emergency|SBP >180 mmHg]]
*Tachycardic
*[[Tachycardia]]


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Pulmonary edema types}}
{{Pulmonary edema types}}


==Diagnosis==
==Evaluation==
*CBC (r/o anemia)
*CBC (rule out anemia)
*Chem
*Chem
*ECG
*[[ECG]]
*CXR - '''signs of pulmonary congestion may not show for hours after acute flash pulmonary edema, so normal CXR is frequently seen'''<ref>Helman, Anton. Episode 4: Acute Congestive Heart Failure. Emergency Medicine Cases Podcast. http://emergencymedicinecases.com/episode-4-acute-congestive-heart-failure/</ref>
*[[CXR]] - '''signs of pulmonary congestion may not show for hours after acute flash pulmonary edema, so normal CXR is frequently seen'''
**Cephalization
**Cephalization
**Interstitial edema
**Interstitial edema
**Pulmonary venous congestion
**Pulmonary venous congestion
**Pleural effusion
**[[Pleural effusion]]
**Alveolar edema  
**Alveolar edema  
**Cardiomegaly
**Cardiomegaly
*Troponin
*[[Troponin]]
*[[Ultrasound]]
*[[Echocardiography]]
**Bedside to assess [[Ultrasound: Cardiac|global function]], [[Ultrasound: lungs|B lines]], [[Ultrasound: IVC|assessment of IVC]]
**Bedside to assess [[Cardiac ultrasound|global function]], [[Ultrasound: lungs|B lines]], [[IVC ultrasound|assessment of IVC]]
**Formal TTE/TEE
**Formal TTE/TEE
*Consider arterial line monitoring for titration of NTG
*Consider [[arterial line]] monitoring for titration of NTG


{{BNP value}}
{{BNP value}}
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==Management==
==Management==
''Vasodilate arterial side, while maintaining oxygenation''
''Vasodilate arterial side, while maintaining oxygenation''
*BiPAP with PEEP of 8 mmHg
*[[BiPAP]] with PEEP of 8 mmHg
**Titrate PEEP quickly to 12
**Titrate PEEP quickly to 12
*High dose nitroglycerin over 2 min (at these doses, NTG has vasodilation > venodilation<ref>Haber et al. Bolus intravenous nitroglycerin predominantly reduces afterload in patients with excessive arterial elastance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(1):251-257.</ref>)
*High dose [[nitroglycerin]] over 2 min (at these doses, [[nitroglycerin]] has vasodilation > venodilation<ref>Haber et al. Bolus intravenous nitroglycerin predominantly reduces afterload in patients with excessive arterial elastance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(1):251-257.</ref>)
**Goal BP at the pt's norm
**Goal BP at the patient's norm
**Load 800 mcg over 2 min (may start at 100 mcg/min, then titrate rapidly to 400 mcg/min for 2 min)
**Load 800 mcg over 2 min (may start at 100 mcg/min, then titrate rapidly to 400 mcg/min for 2 min)
**Then start maintenance at 100 mcg/min, titrate up as needed
**Then start maintenance at 100 mcg/min, titrate up as needed
**'''NOTE:''' takes time to set up NTG drip, so consider SL NTG
**NOTE: it takes time to set up [[nitroglycerin]] drip, so consider SL [[nitroglycerin]] in interim
***0.4 mg tab during 5 min = 80 mcg/min
***0.4mg tab during 5 min = ~80 mcg/min (2 tabs = ~160 mcg/min, etc.)
***Difficult to titrate if giving more than 1-2 tabs
***Difficult to titrate if giving more than 1-2 tabs
*Patients are likely more dehydrated that overloaded but should be recurrently volume assessed
*Patients are likely more dehydrated that overloaded but should be recurrently volume assessed
*Consider captopril 12.5 - 25 mg SL for continuation of afterload reduction<ref>Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher JE.  Rapid Improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril.  Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 205-12.</ref>
*Consider [[captopril]] 12.5 - 25mg SL for continuation of afterload reduction<ref>Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher JE.  Rapid Improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril.  Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 205-12.</ref>
*Wean CPAP after sustained BP at pt's norm<ref>Weingart, S. When to wean the CPAP in SCAPE. Oct 2011. http://emcrit.org/blogpost/when-to-wean-cpap-scape/</ref>
*Wean CPAP after sustained BP at patient's baseline
**Decrease FiO2 to 40%
**Decrease FiO2 to 40%
**Wean PEEP down 2 cm H2O q10 min
**Wean PEEP down 2 cm H2O q10 min
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===Other Interventions===
===Other Interventions===
*Furosemide
*[[Furosemide]]
**Targets kidneys which are poorly perfused in BOTH hypotension and catecholamine surge
**Targets kidneys which are poorly perfused in BOTH hypotension and catecholamine surge
**Consider waiting until BiPAP and NTG control HTN first
**Consider waiting until BiPAP and [[nitroglycerin]] control hypertension first
*Nitroprusside, alternative when insufficient response to NTG
*[[Nitroprusside]], alternative when insufficient response to NTG
**Start 0.5 mcg/kg/min, titrate to blood pressure
**Start 0.5 mcg/kg/min, titrate to blood pressure
**Max 10 mcg/kg/min for x10 min
**Max 10 mcg/kg/min for x10 min
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==External Links==
==External Links==
*[http://emcrit.org/podcasts/scape/ EMCrit Podcast 1-Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema]
*[http://emcrit.org/podcasts/scape/ EMCrit Podcast - Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema]
*[http://emcrit.org/blogpost/when-to-wean-cpap-scape/ EMCrit Podcast - When to wean the CPAP in SCAPE]
*[http://emergencymedicinecases.com/episode-4-acute-congestive-heart-failure/ Emergency Medicine Cases Podcast - Acute Congestive Heart Failure]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>


[[Category:Pulm]]
[[Category:Pulmonary]]
[[Category:Critical_Care]]
[[Category:Critical_Care]]

Revision as of 16:18, 17 September 2019

Background

  • Different from acute CHF exacerbation or hypotensive cardiogenic shock, which do not have sympathetic overdrive
  • Patients can decompensate rapidly, so rapid intervention required
  • Patients are generally more fluid depleted despite "wet" lungs, so do not give diuretics
  • Usually history of poorly controlled hypertension
    • Acute afterload increase causes pulmonary edema and poor peripheral perfusion
    • Sympathetic surge occurs as a result of decreased systemic perfusion
    • Afterload further increases and patient rapidly decompensates
Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides.

Clinical Features

Differential Diagnosis

Pulmonary Edema Types

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <18 mmHg differentiates noncardiogenic from cardiogenic pulmonary edema[1]

Evaluation

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)[2]

  • Measurement
    • <100 pg/mL: Negative for acute CHF (Sn 90%, NPV 89%)
    • 100-500 pg/mL: Indeterminate (Consider differential diagnosis and pre-test probability)
    • >500 pg/mL: Positive for acute CHF (Sp 87%, PPV 90%)
    • Combination of BNP with clinician judgment 94% sensitive 70% specific (compared to 49% sn and 96% spec clinical judgement alone) [3]

NT-proBNP[4][5][6]

  • <300 pg/mL → CHF unlikely
  • CHF likely in:
    • >450 pg/mL in age < 50 years old
    • >900 pg/mL in 50-75 years old
    • >1800 pg/mL in > 75 years old

Management

Vasodilate arterial side, while maintaining oxygenation

  • BiPAP with PEEP of 8 mmHg
    • Titrate PEEP quickly to 12
  • High dose nitroglycerin over 2 min (at these doses, nitroglycerin has vasodilation > venodilation[7])
    • Goal BP at the patient's norm
    • Load 800 mcg over 2 min (may start at 100 mcg/min, then titrate rapidly to 400 mcg/min for 2 min)
    • Then start maintenance at 100 mcg/min, titrate up as needed
    • NOTE: it takes time to set up nitroglycerin drip, so consider SL nitroglycerin in interim
      • 0.4mg tab during 5 min = ~80 mcg/min (2 tabs = ~160 mcg/min, etc.)
      • Difficult to titrate if giving more than 1-2 tabs
  • Patients are likely more dehydrated that overloaded but should be recurrently volume assessed
  • Consider captopril 12.5 - 25mg SL for continuation of afterload reduction[8]
  • Wean CPAP after sustained BP at patient's baseline
    • Decrease FiO2 to 40%
    • Wean PEEP down 2 cm H2O q10 min
    • At 5 cmH2O, trial of NC

Other Interventions

  • Furosemide
    • Targets kidneys which are poorly perfused in BOTH hypotension and catecholamine surge
    • Consider waiting until BiPAP and nitroglycerin control hypertension first
  • Nitroprusside, alternative when insufficient response to NTG
    • Start 0.5 mcg/kg/min, titrate to blood pressure
    • Max 10 mcg/kg/min for x10 min
    • Cyanide toxicity risk increases proportionately with infusion rate as well as length of time[9]
  • If intubation required, consider delayed sequence intubation

Disposition

  • Admit

See Also

External Links

References

  1. Clark SB, Soos MP. Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 1, 2020.
  2. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):161-167. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020233.
  3. McCullough et al. B-Type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from breathing not properly (BNP) multinational study. Circulation. 2002:DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025242.79963.4
  4. Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Feb. 27(3):330-7.
  5. Kragelund C, Gronning B, Kober L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17. 352(7):666-75.
  6. Moe GW, Howlett J, Januzzi JL, Zowall H,. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing improves the management of patients with suspected acute heart failure: primary results of the Canadian prospective randomized multicenter IMPROVE-CHF study. Circulation. 2007 Jun 19. 115(24):3103-10.
  7. Haber et al. Bolus intravenous nitroglycerin predominantly reduces afterload in patients with excessive arterial elastance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(1):251-257.
  8. Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher JE. Rapid Improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 205-12.
  9. GlobalRPH. Nitroprusside (Nipride®). http://www.globalrph.com/nitroprusside_dilution.htm