Schistosomiasis: Difference between revisions
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=Background= | ==Background== | ||
*Caused by parasitic trematodes of the species Schistosoma | *Caused by parasitic trematodes of the species Schistosoma | ||
*Reservoir is freshwater snails | *Reservoir is freshwater snails | ||
*Endemic in areas of Africa and Southern Asia | *Endemic in areas of Africa and Southern Asia | ||
*The Cercariae (the stage of trematode released by the snail) can infect by direct penetration through the skin | *The Cercariae (the stage of trematode released by the snail) can infect by direct penetration through the skin | ||
*Infects >200million people worldwide with 10% suffering severe consequences | |||
= | ==Clinical Features== | ||
* | ===Acute=== | ||
* | *Cutaneous [[rash]]/[[pruritus]] from cercariae penetration (immediate) | ||
* | *Katayama fever | ||
* | **[[Fever]], [[abdominal pain]], [[fatigue]], [[cough]], [[diarrhea]], [[eosinophilia]] | ||
**Lasts 4-8 weeks | |||
= | ===Chronic (mostly a chronic condition)=== | ||
*Second most common cause of [[esophageal varices]] worldwide | |||
*Greatly elevated bladder cancer rates in endemic areas | |||
*Can cause [[renal failure]], [[liver failure]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[GI bleed]]s and rarely CNS symptoms | |||
**Mostly through fibrosis of affected organs | |||
*Genitourinary schistosomiasis | |||
**Caused by sores in the genital tract | |||
**May persist even after treatment | |||
**Greatly increases risk of [[HIV]] infection | |||
* | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
** | *[[UTI]] | ||
* | *[[STD]] | ||
*Intestinal [[parasites]] | |||
*[[Traveler's diarrhea]] | |||
==Evaluation== | |||
[[File:Schistosomiaisis Bladder Calcifications.png|thumb|Calcifications on bladder wall caused by urinary schistosomiasis]] | |||
[[File:PMC4891583 gr3d.png|thumb|CT of hepatosplenic S. mansoni infection illustrating irregular liver surface and periportal fibrosis and enhancement of portal venous structures surrounded by inner ring of hypoattenuation and outer ring of enhancement (arrows). Hypoattenuated ring presumably represents areas of periportal fibrosis with decreased vascularity, whereas enhancing rim may be due to periportal inflammation. These concentric rings correspond to the “bull's eye” appearance of periportal fibrosis previously described with ultrasound.]] | |||
= | ===Work-up=== | ||
* | *ELISA | ||
*PCR from stool or urine | |||
*Stool and Urine for ova/parasites | |||
**biopsy may be needed for those who do not show ova/parasites in stool/urine | |||
*CBC, [[LFTs]], BMP, blood cultures | |||
*Consider [[ultrasound]] for hepatosplenic (periportal fibrosis) or urinary disease (hydro) | |||
*[[Echocardiography]] and [[CXR]] for pulmonary hypertension and/or cor pulmonale | |||
*Consider [[head CT|CT]] or [[brain MRI|MRI]] for CNS disease or further workup of periportal fibrosis | |||
= | ==Management== | ||
* | *[[Praziquantel]] 20mg/kg PO for two doses in 1 day <ref>CDC. Schistosomiasis. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/health_professionals/index.html</ref> | ||
**S.japnonicum requires 3 doses in 1 day | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*Generally may be discharged | |||
*Admit if concern for CNS infection | |||
==See Also== | |||
*[[Parasitic infection]] | |||
==External Links== | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:ID]] | |||
[[Category:Tropical Medicine]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:52, 2 May 2020
Background
- Caused by parasitic trematodes of the species Schistosoma
- Reservoir is freshwater snails
- Endemic in areas of Africa and Southern Asia
- The Cercariae (the stage of trematode released by the snail) can infect by direct penetration through the skin
- Infects >200million people worldwide with 10% suffering severe consequences
Clinical Features
Acute
- Cutaneous rash/pruritus from cercariae penetration (immediate)
- Katayama fever
- Fever, abdominal pain, fatigue, cough, diarrhea, eosinophilia
- Lasts 4-8 weeks
Chronic (mostly a chronic condition)
- Second most common cause of esophageal varices worldwide
- Greatly elevated bladder cancer rates in endemic areas
- Can cause renal failure, liver failure, pulmonary hypertension, GI bleeds and rarely CNS symptoms
- Mostly through fibrosis of affected organs
- Genitourinary schistosomiasis
- Caused by sores in the genital tract
- May persist even after treatment
- Greatly increases risk of HIV infection
Differential Diagnosis
- UTI
- STD
- Intestinal parasites
- Traveler's diarrhea
Evaluation
CT of hepatosplenic S. mansoni infection illustrating irregular liver surface and periportal fibrosis and enhancement of portal venous structures surrounded by inner ring of hypoattenuation and outer ring of enhancement (arrows). Hypoattenuated ring presumably represents areas of periportal fibrosis with decreased vascularity, whereas enhancing rim may be due to periportal inflammation. These concentric rings correspond to the “bull's eye” appearance of periportal fibrosis previously described with ultrasound.
Work-up
- ELISA
- PCR from stool or urine
- Stool and Urine for ova/parasites
- biopsy may be needed for those who do not show ova/parasites in stool/urine
- CBC, LFTs, BMP, blood cultures
- Consider ultrasound for hepatosplenic (periportal fibrosis) or urinary disease (hydro)
- Echocardiography and CXR for pulmonary hypertension and/or cor pulmonale
- Consider CT or MRI for CNS disease or further workup of periportal fibrosis
Management
- Praziquantel 20mg/kg PO for two doses in 1 day [1]
- S.japnonicum requires 3 doses in 1 day
Disposition
- Generally may be discharged
- Admit if concern for CNS infection
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ CDC. Schistosomiasis. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/health_professionals/index.html