ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Difference between revisions

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*RV infarction accompanies ~25% of inferior STEMIs
*RV infarction accompanies ~25% of inferior STEMIs
**Hemodynamically significant only 10% of the time
**Hemodynamically significant only 10% of the time
**Do NOT reduce preload (NG, etc)
**Do NOT reduce preload (caution with NTG)
**Optimise preload (ensure volume replete)
*Posterior (aka inferolateral) infarction is rarely isolated (~3-8% of all AMIs)
*Posterior (aka inferolateral) infarction is rarely isolated (~3-8% of all AMIs)
**Treat as STEMI
**Treat as STEMI
Line 9: Line 10:
**Apply V7, V8, V9 leads and repeat ECG looking for ST elevation
**Apply V7, V8, V9 leads and repeat ECG looking for ST elevation
**Usually will see changes in V6 OR II, III, aVF
**Usually will see changes in V6 OR II, III, aVF
===Fourth Universal Definition of STEMI===
'''Any of the following:'''<ref>Thygesen, K et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). 2018 Nov 13;138(20):e618-e651.PMID: 30571511</ref>
*1 mm of ST elevation in any two contiguous leads except V2 and V3.
**The acceptable degree of ST elevation in V2 and V3 changes based on age and gender.
*In women: 1.5mm elevation in V2 and V3
*In men under 40: 2.5mm elevation in V2 and V3
*In men 40 and older: 2mm elevation in V2 and V3
{{ACS anatomical correlation}}
{{ACS anatomical correlation}}
[[File:EKG leads.png|thumbnail|ECG vectors]]
[[File:EKG leads.png|thumbnail|ECG vectors]]


===Prehospital===
===Prehospital===
*Refrain from oxygen therapy unless patient is hypoxic as hyperoxia my increase myocardial injury<ref name="Air">Stub D et al. Air versus oxygen in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015;121:2143-2150</ref>
*Hyperoxia may increase myocardial injury
*Patients with a STEMI on the prehospital ECG but resolution of ST elevations on arrival still require activation of the cath team or transfer for primary catheterization even though there has been resolution of the ST-elevations<ref>Ownbey M, Suffoletto B, Firsch A, et al. Prevalence and interventional outcomes of patients with resolution of ST-segment elevation between prehospital and in-hospital ECG. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014. Apr-Jun;18(2):174-9</ref>
**Avoid supplemental oxygen unless hypoxic<ref name="Air">Stub D et al. Air versus oxygen in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015;121:2143-2150</ref>
*Activate cath lab for patients with STEMI on prehospital ECG even if ST elevation has resolved by time of arrival at hospital <ref>Ownbey M, Suffoletto B, Firsch A, et al. Prevalence and interventional outcomes of patients with resolution of ST-segment elevation between prehospital and in-hospital ECG. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014. Apr-Jun;18(2):174-9</ref>
 
{{STEMI Stages of Development}}


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
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==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{ST elevation DDX}}
{{ST elevation DDX}}
{{STEMI vs pericarditis}}


==Evaluation==
==Evaluation==
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**Use the J-point for measurement in 2 contiguous leads<ref>ACCF/AHA 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jan 29;61(4):e78-140. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712055623/pdfft?md5=1ab12406644b051890dfc4bb1634c2bf&pid=1-s2.0-S0735109712055623-main.pdf PDF]</ref>
**Use the J-point for measurement in 2 contiguous leads<ref>ACCF/AHA 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jan 29;61(4):e78-140. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712055623/pdfft?md5=1ab12406644b051890dfc4bb1634c2bf&pid=1-s2.0-S0735109712055623-main.pdf PDF]</ref>
***J point is where there is a sudden change in direction
***J point is where there is a sudden change in direction
**When possible, comparison to old ECGs should be performed
**When possible, compare to old ECGs
**Repeating ECGs will increase sensitivity
**Repeating ECGs will increase sensitivity
*CBC
*CBC
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*NSTEMI: go to cath within 2 hrs if VT/VF, intractable ischemic pain, ADCHF (AHA/ACC Class IA)<ref>Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(24):e139–228.</ref>
*NSTEMI: go to cath within 2 hrs if VT/VF, intractable ischemic pain, ADCHF (AHA/ACC Class IA)<ref>Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(24):e139–228.</ref>


====LBBB with [[Sgarbossa's criteria]]====
====[[LBBB]] with [[Sgarbossa's criteria]]====
*New LBBB alone is no longer STEMI criteria for cath lab as of 2013 per ACC/AHA guidelines<ref>Am Heart J 2013;166:409-13</ref>
*New LBBB alone is no longer STEMI criteria for cath lab as of 2013 per ACC/AHA guidelines<ref>Am Heart J 2013;166:409-13</ref>
*Hemodynamically unstable or new HF pts with new LBBB should be discussed with a cardiologist for PCI or fibrinolytics
*Hemodynamically unstable or new HF pts with new LBBB should be discussed with a cardiologist for PCI or fibrinolytics
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*Changes the 3rd rule of original [[EBQ:Sgarbossa Criteria Study|Sgarbossa's Criteria]] to be ST depression OR elevation discordant with the QRS complex and with a magnitude of at least 25% of the QRS increases Sn from 52% to 91% at the expense of reducing Sp from 98% to 90%<ref>Smith, S. et al. Diagnosis of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block With the ST-Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. 60(6). 766-776</ref>
*Changes the 3rd rule of original [[EBQ:Sgarbossa Criteria Study|Sgarbossa's Criteria]] to be ST depression OR elevation discordant with the QRS complex and with a magnitude of at least 25% of the QRS increases Sn from 52% to 91% at the expense of reducing Sp from 98% to 90%<ref>Smith, S. et al. Diagnosis of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block With the ST-Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. 60(6). 766-776</ref>


===Other Possible STEMI Equilavents===
===[[STEMI equivalents]]===
*Pacemakers in AMI
*[[Pacemaker_complication|Pacemakers]] in AMI
**Sgarbossa criteria can be applied to paced rhythms<ref>Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Gates KB, et al. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. GUSTO-I investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(5):423–424.</ref><ref>Maloy KR, Bhat R, Davis J, et al. Sgarbossa Criteria are Highly Specific for Acute Myocardial Infarction with Pacemakers.West J Emerg Med. 2010;11(4):354–357. </ref>
**Sgarbossa criteria can be applied to paced rhythms<ref>Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Gates KB, et al. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. GUSTO-I investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(5):423–424.</ref><ref>Maloy KR, Bhat R, Davis J, et al. Sgarbossa Criteria are Highly Specific for Acute Myocardial Infarction with Pacemakers.West J Emerg Med. 2010;11(4):354–357. </ref>
**Low sensitivity but high specificity
**Low sensitivity but high specificity
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==Management==
==Management==
===[[Thrombolytics]] vs PCI===
''Primary treatment is centered on PCI within 90 min (if available) or thrombolysis if treatment delay is greater than 120min.''
''Primary treatment is centered on PCI within 90 min (if available) or thrombolysis if treatment delay is greater than 120min.''


===PCI===
#Percutaneous coronary intervention (preferred option)
The most critical aspect of care is to ensure systems are in place to minimize time taken for reperfusion. Anyone presenting within 12 hours of symptoms onset should have attempted reperfusion for STEMI. Options include fibrinolytic therapy or PCI. PCI is preferred if possible and had been demonstrated to result in superior outcomes.
 
#Percutaneous coronary intervention
#*Goal: PCI should be attempted if the procedure can be started within 120 minutes (faster than 90 minutes is the goal, the faster the better)
#*Goal: PCI should be attempted if the procedure can be started within 120 minutes (faster than 90 minutes is the goal, the faster the better)
#*If the PCI cannot be commenced within 120 minutes then fibrinolysis should be given to suitable candidates
#*If the PCI cannot be commenced within 120 minutes then fibrinolysis should be given to suitable candidates
#Fibrinolytics  
#[[Thrombolytics for STEMI|Fibrinolytics]]
#*Goal: if it is determined that PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes then fibrinolytics should be given, and they should be given within 30 minutes  
#*Goal: if it is determined that PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes then fibrinolytics should be given, and they should be given within 30 minutes
#*If receive fibrinolytics also give anticoagulants for minimum of 48hr, and preferable the length of the hospitalization
#*Fibrinolytic treatment within 3hr resulted in >30 lives saved per 1000 patients
#*0.5-1% of patients suffer [[ICH]]
 
===Thrombolysis===
See [[Thrombolytics for STEMI]]


===Adjunctive Therapies===
===Adjunctive Therapies===
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#*Do not give if RV MI
#*Do not give if RV MI
#*Do not give with phosphodiesterase inhibitors
#*Do not give with phosphodiesterase inhibitors
#[[Morphine]]
#[[Beta-Blocker]]:
#*PO within 24 hours
#*Options<ref>McAuley DF. Beta Blockers. GlobalRPH. http://www.globalrph.com/beta.htm</ref>
#**Acute MI: Metoprolol 5mg IV q2 min for x3 doses, then PO metoprolol 50mg q6hrs for 2 days starting 15 min after last IV dose, followed by maintenance of 100mg bid
#**Post-MI: Atenolol 5mg IV over 5 min, then repeat in 10 min, then PO atenolol 50mg q12hrs for 7 days post-MI
#*IV beta-blocker is reasonable for patients who are hypertensive in the absence of:
#**[[Heart failure]]
#**Low cardiac output state
#**[[Cardiogenic shock]] risk factors
#***Age > 70yr, sys BP < 120, HR > 110 or <60,
#**Conduction block (PR interval > 0.24s, 2nd or 3rd block)
#**Active [[asthma]]
#[[O2]]
#[[O2]]
#*For SpO2 <90%
#*For SpO2 <90%
#*Avoid hypoxia but supplemental O2 without hypoxia can increase infarct size<ref name="Air"></ref>
#*Avoid hypoxia but supplemental O2 without hypoxia can increase infarct size<ref name="Air"></ref>
#**AVOID trial<ref>Stub et al. Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015 May 22.</ref> (2015) indicated larger infarct size, more recurrence and arrhythmia for STEMI patients without hypoxia who were treated with O2
#**AVOID trial<ref>Stub et al. Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015 May 22.</ref> (2015) indicated larger infarct size, more recurrence and arrhythmia for STEMI patients without hypoxia who were treated with O2
#Antiplatelet Options
#*[[Clopidogrel]]
#**See drug link for specific age, indication related dosages
#**Generally, loading dose of 600 mg if PCI anticipated (otherwise give 300 mg)
#*Ticagrelor
#**May significantly reduce mortality as compared to clopidogrel<ref>Wallentin et Al. Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1045-1057.</ref>
#**180mg loading dose, followed by 90mg BID
#**[[Ticagrelor]] offers no added benefit in STEMI when given pre-hospital vs. in-hospital (ambulance vs. cath lab)<ref>Montalescot G et al. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014 Sep 1.</ref>
#GPIIB/IIIa Inhibitors
#*[[Abciximab]], [[Eptifibatide]]
#*Defer to cardiologist for administration
#*Given right before PCI depending on specific institutional protocols
#Beta blockers<ref>Campbell-Schere DL, Green LA. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am Fam Physician.2009 Jun 15;79(12):1080-6.</ref>
#*Per AHA guidelines, IV beta blockers should not be given to patients with STEMI routinely, but may be considered for HTN treatment barring contraindications as below:
#**Low output state, signs of HF
#**Increased risk of cardiogenic shock (age > 70, sinus tachycardia > 110 bpm or HR < 60 bpm, SBP < 120 mmHg)
#**Increased time since onset of STEMI
#**Relative contraindications -- [[asthma]], [[COPD]], PR interval > 0.24 sec, AV block
#*PO beta blockers should be initiated within 24 hours of STEMI
#ACE inhibitor or ARB<ref>ACE inhibitor use in patients with myocardial infarction. Summary of evidence from clinical trials. Latini R, Maggioni AP, Flather M, Sleight P, Tognoni G. Circulation. 1995;92(10):3132.</ref><ref>Antman EM, et al. American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Circulation. 2004;110(9):e82.</ref>
#*Give within 24 hours in stable patients, '''typically not given in ED'''
#*Careful initial dosing, starting at 2.5 mg/day of [[lisinopril]], increasing slowly up to 10 mg/day
#Statin in STEMI patients going to cath lab may have less 30-days MACEs and reinfarction post-PCI in SECURE-PCI trial in 2018<ref>Berwanger O, Santucci EV, de Barros e Silva PG, et al., on behalf of the SECURE-PCI Investigators. Effect of Loading Dose of Atorvastatin Prior to Planned Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome: The SECURE-PCI Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2018;319:1331-40.</ref>
#*80 mg [[atorvastatin]] immediately before cath lab and 24 hours after PCI
#*Perform in conjunction with your cardiologist
#*No cases of rhabdomyolysis or liver failure reported in the atorvastatin group


==Antiplatelet Options==
===Anticoagulation===
===[[Clopidogrel]]===
Heparin is required after thrombolysis to prevent re-thrombosis since all thrombolytics are short acting. Any patient receiving PCI requires heparinzation to prevent thrombosis during the procedure. There is minimal to no benefit for heparin in NSTEMI patients who are not receiving immediate PCI.<ref>Andrade-Castellanos, CA et al. Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 27;(6):CD003462. PMID: 24972265</ref>  
*See drug link for specific age, indication related dosages
*Generally, loading dose of 600 mg if PCI anticipated (otherwise give 300 mg)
 
===Ticagrelor===
*May significantly reduce mortality as compared to clopidogrel<ref>Wallentin et Al. Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1045-1057.</ref>
*180mg loading dose, followed by 90mg BID
*Ticagrelor offers no added benefit in STEMI when given pre-hospital vs. in-hospital (ambulance vs. cath lab)<ref>Montalescot G et al. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014 Sep 1.</ref>
==GPIIB/IIIa Inhibitors==
*[[Abciximab]], [[Eptifibatide]]
*Defer to cardiologist for administration
*Given right before PCI depending on specific institutional protocols
 
==Anticoagulation==
Heparin is required after thrombolysis to prevent re-thrombosis since all thrombolytics are short acting. Any patient recieing PCI requires heparinzation to prevent thromboysis during the procedure. There is minimal to no benefit for heparin in NSTEMI patients who are not receiving immediate pci<ref>Andrade-Castellanos, CA et al. Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 27;(6):CD003462. PMID: 24972265</ref> The following anticoagulation options should be individualized after discussion with cardiology and per hospital and local recommendations.
#[[Heparin]] (UFH)
#[[Heparin]] (UFH)
#*Bolus 60U/kg (max: 4000U) followed by 12U/kg/h (max: 1000U/h)
#*Bolus 60U/kg (max: 4000U) followed by 12U/kg/h (max: 1000U/h)
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#*CrCl < 30 mL/min
#*CrCl < 30 mL/min
#**1mg/kg SC QD
#**1mg/kg SC QD
#Fondaparinux
#[[Fondaparinux]]
#*creatinine < 3.0mg/dL:
#*creatinine < 3.0mg/dL:
#**2.5mg IV bolus then 2.5mg SC QD started 24hr after bolus
#**2.5mg IV bolus then 2.5mg SC QD started 24hr after bolus
#*Monitor anti-Xa levels
#*Monitor anti-Xa levels
#Bivalirudin
#[[Bivalirudin]]
#*0.75mg/kg IV bolus followed by 1.75mg/kg/h
#*0.75mg/kg IV bolus followed by 1.75mg/kg/h
#*CrCl < 30 mL/min
#*CrCl < 30 mL/min

Revision as of 09:32, 8 June 2019

Background

  • Abbreviation: STEMI
  • RV infarction accompanies ~25% of inferior STEMIs
    • Hemodynamically significant only 10% of the time
    • Do NOT reduce preload (caution with NTG)
    • Optimise preload (ensure volume replete)
  • Posterior (aka inferolateral) infarction is rarely isolated (~3-8% of all AMIs)
    • Treat as STEMI
    • Look for reciprocal changes, except in aVR and V1
    • Apply V7, V8, V9 leads and repeat ECG looking for ST elevation
    • Usually will see changes in V6 OR II, III, aVF

Fourth Universal Definition of STEMI

Any of the following:[1]

  • 1 mm of ST elevation in any two contiguous leads except V2 and V3.
    • The acceptable degree of ST elevation in V2 and V3 changes based on age and gender.
  • In women: 1.5mm elevation in V2 and V3
  • In men under 40: 2.5mm elevation in V2 and V3
  • In men 40 and older: 2mm elevation in V2 and V3

ACS Anatomical Correlation Chart

Ischemic Changes Location Coronary Artery
STE V1-V3, TWI

Q waves in V1-V3 over time

Septal Septal branch
STE V2-V4 Anterior LAD
STE I, aVL, V5, V6

STD inf leads

Lateral Circumflex
STE I, aVL, V2-6 Anterolateral LAD + circumflex = Left main or 2 critical lesions
STE II, III, aVF

STD in aVL (most common lead to see reciprocal change)

Inferior RCA

STE V1 (only lead looking at RV)
STE III > II (III more R facing)
STE V1 > V2, STE V1 + STD V2

Right ventricle RCA

STD in V1, V2, V3;
R>S in V1
Tall R waves in V1-V3 (Q waves on back of heart) w/ upright TWs

Posterior aka Inferolateral RCA (90%), LCA (10%)
STE avR>V1

Doesn't apply in SVT

Anterolateral Left Main
ECG vectors


Prehospital

  • Hyperoxia may increase myocardial injury
    • Avoid supplemental oxygen unless hypoxic[2]
  • Activate cath lab for patients with STEMI on prehospital ECG even if ST elevation has resolved by time of arrival at hospital [3]

STEMI Stages of Development

Stages of STEMI development
Stage Duration Timing Finding ECG
1

STEMI-b.jpg

30min - hours Hyperacute T waves
  • >6mm limb leads
  • >10mm precordial leads
Normalizes in days, weeks, or months
2

STEMI-c.jpg

Minutes - hours ST segment elevation
  • 0.1mV in two or more contiguous leads
ST segment resolution occurs over 72hrs; completely resolves within 2-3wks
3

STEMI-d2.jpg

Within 1hr; completed within 8-12hr Q waves Persist indefinitely in 70% of cases

Clinical Features

Risk of ACS

Clinical factors that increase likelihood of ACS/AMI:[4][5]

Clinical factors that decrease likelihood of ACS/AMI:[6]

  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Positional chest pain
  • Sharp, stabbing chest pain
  • Chest pain reproducible with palpation

Gender differences in ACS

  • Women with ACS:
    • Less likely to be treated with guideline-directed medical therapies[7]
    • Less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization[7]
    • Less likely to receive timely reperfusion therapy[7]
    • More likely to report fatigue, dyspnea, indigestion, nausea or vomiting, palpitations, or weakness,[7] although some studies have found fewer differences in presentation[8]
  • More likely to delay presentation[7]
  • Men with ACS:
    • More likely to report central chest pain

Factors associated with delayed presentation[7]

  • Female sex
  • Older age
  • Black or Hispanic race
  • Low educational achievement
  • Low socioeconomic status

Differential Diagnosis

ST Elevation

STEMI vs Pericarditis

Disease STEMI Pericarditis
Pain Constant Varies with motion
Fever No Yes
ST changes focal Diffuse elevation
Reciprocal changes Yes No
Q waves Yes No
Pulmonary edema Sometimes No
Wall motion Abnormal Normal

Evaluation

Workup

  • ECG
    • Use the J-point for measurement in 2 contiguous leads[9]
      • J point is where there is a sudden change in direction
    • When possible, compare to old ECGs
    • Repeating ECGs will increase sensitivity
  • CBC
  • Chem 7
  • Troponin
  • PT/PTT
  • Consider CXR

Diagnosis

Inferior and right sided STEMI

Look for ST segment elevation, reciprocal ST depression, and hyperacute T waves

Classic STEMI

  • Men
    • In males ≥ 40 years old 2mm in V2-V3 and 1mm in all other leads[10]
    • In males < 40 years old 2.5mm in V2-V3 and 1mm in all other leads[10]
  • Women
    • ≥1.5 mm in V2-V3 and 1 mm (0.1mV) in all other leads[10]

Posterior STEMI

Up to 10% of STEMIs; usually associated with inferior MI

  • ≥0.5 mm STE is diagnostic
  • Look at V1-V3[11][12]
    • Large R waves (posterior Q waves)
    • STD
    • Upright T waves

Post-arrest STEMI/NSTEMI

  • Get immediate ECG after arrest
  • STEMI: go to cath lab immediately (AHA/ACCF Class IB)[13]
  • NSTEMI: go to cath within 2 hrs if VT/VF, intractable ischemic pain, ADCHF (AHA/ACC Class IA)[14]

LBBB with Sgarbossa's criteria

  • New LBBB alone is no longer STEMI criteria for cath lab as of 2013 per ACC/AHA guidelines[15]
  • Hemodynamically unstable or new HF pts with new LBBB should be discussed with a cardiologist for PCI or fibrinolytics
Sgarbossa's Original Criteria
  • ≥3 points = 98% probability of STEMI[16]
    • ST elevation ≥1 mm in a lead with upward (concordant) QRS complex - 5 points
    • ST depression ≥1 mm in lead V1, V2, or V3 - 3 points
    • ST elevation ≥5 mm in a lead with downward (discordant) QRS complex - 2 points
      • Least specific of criteria, see Smith's modification
Smith's Modified Sgarbossa 3rd Rule
  • Changes the 3rd rule of original Sgarbossa's Criteria to be ST depression OR elevation discordant with the QRS complex and with a magnitude of at least 25% of the QRS increases Sn from 52% to 91% at the expense of reducing Sp from 98% to 90%[17]

STEMI equivalents

  • Pacemakers in AMI
    • Sgarbossa criteria can be applied to paced rhythms[18][19]
    • Low sensitivity but high specificity
  • DeWinter T-waves[20]
    • High risk of ACUTE (vs subacute in Wellen's) anterior MI (proximal LAD occlusions)[21]
    • Look for 1-3 mm STD at J-point in mid precordial leads with tall symmetric T waves[22]
  • ST elevation in aVR[23]
    • Reflects subendocardial ischemia in LV (L main vs multi vessal disease)[24]
    • Look for STE >1-1.5 mm in aVR
    • Can also bee seen in hemorrhage, type A Dissection, massive PE

Management

Thrombolytics vs PCI

Primary treatment is centered on PCI within 90 min (if available) or thrombolysis if treatment delay is greater than 120min.

  1. Percutaneous coronary intervention (preferred option)
    • Goal: PCI should be attempted if the procedure can be started within 120 minutes (faster than 90 minutes is the goal, the faster the better)
    • If the PCI cannot be commenced within 120 minutes then fibrinolysis should be given to suitable candidates
  2. Fibrinolytics
    • Goal: if it is determined that PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes then fibrinolytics should be given, and they should be given within 30 minutes

Adjunctive Therapies

  1. Aspirin 162-325mg chewable or 600mg PR
  2. Nitroglycerin
    • Do not give if RV MI
    • Do not give with phosphodiesterase inhibitors
  3. O2
    • For SpO2 <90%
    • Avoid hypoxia but supplemental O2 without hypoxia can increase infarct size[2]
      • AVOID trial[25] (2015) indicated larger infarct size, more recurrence and arrhythmia for STEMI patients without hypoxia who were treated with O2
  4. Antiplatelet Options
    • Clopidogrel
      • See drug link for specific age, indication related dosages
      • Generally, loading dose of 600 mg if PCI anticipated (otherwise give 300 mg)
    • Ticagrelor
      • May significantly reduce mortality as compared to clopidogrel[26]
      • 180mg loading dose, followed by 90mg BID
      • Ticagrelor offers no added benefit in STEMI when given pre-hospital vs. in-hospital (ambulance vs. cath lab)[27]
  5. GPIIB/IIIa Inhibitors
    • Abciximab, Eptifibatide
    • Defer to cardiologist for administration
    • Given right before PCI depending on specific institutional protocols
  6. Beta blockers[28]
    • Per AHA guidelines, IV beta blockers should not be given to patients with STEMI routinely, but may be considered for HTN treatment barring contraindications as below:
      • Low output state, signs of HF
      • Increased risk of cardiogenic shock (age > 70, sinus tachycardia > 110 bpm or HR < 60 bpm, SBP < 120 mmHg)
      • Increased time since onset of STEMI
      • Relative contraindications -- asthma, COPD, PR interval > 0.24 sec, AV block
    • PO beta blockers should be initiated within 24 hours of STEMI
  7. ACE inhibitor or ARB[29][30]
    • Give within 24 hours in stable patients, typically not given in ED
    • Careful initial dosing, starting at 2.5 mg/day of lisinopril, increasing slowly up to 10 mg/day
  8. Statin in STEMI patients going to cath lab may have less 30-days MACEs and reinfarction post-PCI in SECURE-PCI trial in 2018[31]
    • 80 mg atorvastatin immediately before cath lab and 24 hours after PCI
    • Perform in conjunction with your cardiologist
    • No cases of rhabdomyolysis or liver failure reported in the atorvastatin group

Anticoagulation

Heparin is required after thrombolysis to prevent re-thrombosis since all thrombolytics are short acting. Any patient receiving PCI requires heparinzation to prevent thrombosis during the procedure. There is minimal to no benefit for heparin in NSTEMI patients who are not receiving immediate PCI.[32]

  1. Heparin (UFH)
    • Bolus 60U/kg (max: 4000U) followed by 12U/kg/h (max: 1000U/h)
    • Titrate to PTT 1.5-2.5 x control
  2. LMWH
    • <75yo with serum creatinine < 2.5mg/dL (men) or < 2.0mg/dL (women):
      • 30mg IV bolus followed by 1mg/kg SC q12h
    • ≥ 75yo
      • 0.75mg/kg SC q12h
    • CrCl < 30 mL/min
      • 1mg/kg SC QD
  3. Fondaparinux
    • creatinine < 3.0mg/dL:
      • 2.5mg IV bolus then 2.5mg SC QD started 24hr after bolus
    • Monitor anti-Xa levels
  4. Bivalirudin
    • 0.75mg/kg IV bolus followed by 1.75mg/kg/h
    • CrCl < 30 mL/min
      • 0.75mg/kg IV bolus followed by 1.0mg/kg/h

Special Scenarios

Cardiac Arrest and STEMI

  • Consider therapeutic hypothermia cooling protocol for patients with documented cardiac arrest felt to be caused by lethal cardiac rhythm (e.g. ventricular fibrillation)
  • Patients with cardiac arrest and ST elevation at any point, even if resolved, should still under go emergent coronary angiography[33]

Rescue PCI

  • Failed reperfusion: consider if repeat ECG 90 minutes after infusion fails to show reduction of elevated ST segments by 50%
  • Recurrent significant ST elevation following successful lysis
  • Persistent hemodynamically unstable arrythmias, persistent ischemic symptoms, or worsened cardiogenic shock
  • Even in those with successful reperfusion, its reasonable to do angiography within the index hospitalization, even within hours of thrombolytic therapy

Disposition

  • Admit direct to cath lab
  • If not at tertiary care center consider tPA depending transfer time and transfer to cardiac cath lab center

See Also

External Links

References

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