Pyloric stenosis: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* More common in males (5:1) & firstborn children (30%) | [[File:Gray1046.png |thumb|Outline of stomach, showing its anatomical landmarks, including the pylorus.]] | ||
* Symptoms usually begin between 3-6 weeks of age, rarely after 12 weeks | *More common in males (5:1) & firstborn children (30%) | ||
*Prematurity and macrolide use are also thought to be risk factors | |||
*Most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants | |||
*The main diagnostic criterion is a measurement of more than 3 mm in thickness of the muscular layer on ultrasound.<ref>Dias, S et al Insights Imaging. 2012 Jun; 3(3): 247–250.</ref> | |||
*Abnormal elongation of the canal is characterised as greater than 17 mm in length .<ref>Teele RL, Smith EH. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1977 May 19. 296(20):1149-50.</ref><ref>Sargent SK, Foote SL, Mooney DP, Shorter NA. The posterior approach to pyloric sonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2000 Apr. 30(4):256-7</ref> | |||
==Clinical Features== | |||
*Symptoms usually begin between 3-6 weeks of age, rarely after 12 weeks | |||
*[[Nausea and vomiting (peds)|Vomiting]], immediately postprandial, nonbilious, often projectile, but desires to feed ("hungry vomiter") | |||
*Palpable mass in in RUQ to epigastric region after vomiting, occasionally may see reverse peristaltic fluid wave across abdomen | |||
*If untreated, will see signs of [[dehydration (peds)|dehydration]], weight loss, [[lethargy]], [[pediatric shock|shock]] | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
{{Pediatric abdominal pain DDX}} | |||
== | ==Evaluation== | ||
[[File:Pyloric-stenosisLocal.jpg|thumb|Pyloric stenosis as seen on ultrasound in a 6 week old.]] | |||
[[File:PS longitudinal Subramaniam.gif|thumbnail|Longitudinal view of thickened and elongated pylorus muscle<ref>http://www.thepocusatlas.com/pediatrics/</ref>]] | |||
*Labs may show [[hypokalemia]] and hypochloremic [[metabolic alkalosis]] | |||
===Imaging=== | |||
''Primary test of choice'' | |||
*[[ultrasound: abdomen|Ultrasound]]: thickened (>3 mm) and elongated (>17 mm) pylorus ~ 95% Sn/Sp<ref>Rohrschneider WK, Mittnacht H, Darge K, Tröger J. Pyloric muscle in asymptomatic infants: sonographic evaluation and discrimination from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 1998 Jun;28(6):429-34.</ref> | |||
''Other tests that may show findings'' | |||
*[[Abdominal x-ray]]: may show large stomach bubble with absence of air in small bowel or colon | |||
**Characteristic caterpillar sign (gastric contractions against hypertrophied pylorus) | |||
*Upper GI: string sign (narrowed pyloric lumen), double track sign (duplicated mucosa), beak sign (abnormality of pyloric opening) | |||
==Management== | |||
*[[IVF]] | |||
**Normal electrolytes and no evidence of dehydration | |||
***5% dextrose with 0.25% NaCl and 2 meq KCl per 100 mL | |||
**Moderate or severe dehydration | |||
***Higher NaCl concentrations (0.5% to normal saline) and higher rates of administration (1.5 to 2 times maintenance) | |||
**Ensure correction of bicarbonate level, as it may be a hypoventilation risk | |||
*[[Nasogastric tube]] | |||
*Surgery | |||
**Can be delayed 24-36 hr to rehydrate infant and correct electrolytes | |||
===Precautions=== | ===Precautions=== | ||
* Ensure that kidneys are functional prior to giving potassium | *Ensure that kidneys are functional prior to giving [[potassium]] | ||
* Do not give | *Do not give lactated ringers | ||
* May lead to worsening alkalosis | **May lead to worsening alkalosis > apnea in infants | ||
==Disposition== | |||
*Admission | |||
== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Abdominal Pain (Peds)]] | |||
[[Category: | ==References== | ||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:GI]] | [[Category:GI]] | ||
[[Category:Surgery]] |
Latest revision as of 20:07, 17 March 2022
Background
- More common in males (5:1) & firstborn children (30%)
- Prematurity and macrolide use are also thought to be risk factors
- Most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants
- The main diagnostic criterion is a measurement of more than 3 mm in thickness of the muscular layer on ultrasound.[1]
- Abnormal elongation of the canal is characterised as greater than 17 mm in length .[2][3]
Clinical Features
- Symptoms usually begin between 3-6 weeks of age, rarely after 12 weeks
- Vomiting, immediately postprandial, nonbilious, often projectile, but desires to feed ("hungry vomiter")
- Palpable mass in in RUQ to epigastric region after vomiting, occasionally may see reverse peristaltic fluid wave across abdomen
- If untreated, will see signs of dehydration, weight loss, lethargy, shock
Differential Diagnosis
Pediatric Abdominal Pain
0–3 Months Old
- Emergent
- Nonemergent
3 mo–3 y old
- Emergent
- Nonemergent
3 y old–adolescence
- Emergent
- Nonemergent
Evaluation
- Labs may show hypokalemia and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
Imaging
Primary test of choice
- Ultrasound: thickened (>3 mm) and elongated (>17 mm) pylorus ~ 95% Sn/Sp[5]
Other tests that may show findings
- Abdominal x-ray: may show large stomach bubble with absence of air in small bowel or colon
- Characteristic caterpillar sign (gastric contractions against hypertrophied pylorus)
- Upper GI: string sign (narrowed pyloric lumen), double track sign (duplicated mucosa), beak sign (abnormality of pyloric opening)
Management
- IVF
- Normal electrolytes and no evidence of dehydration
- 5% dextrose with 0.25% NaCl and 2 meq KCl per 100 mL
- Moderate or severe dehydration
- Higher NaCl concentrations (0.5% to normal saline) and higher rates of administration (1.5 to 2 times maintenance)
- Ensure correction of bicarbonate level, as it may be a hypoventilation risk
- Normal electrolytes and no evidence of dehydration
- Nasogastric tube
- Surgery
- Can be delayed 24-36 hr to rehydrate infant and correct electrolytes
Precautions
- Ensure that kidneys are functional prior to giving potassium
- Do not give lactated ringers
- May lead to worsening alkalosis > apnea in infants
Disposition
- Admission
See Also
References
- ↑ Dias, S et al Insights Imaging. 2012 Jun; 3(3): 247–250.
- ↑ Teele RL, Smith EH. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1977 May 19. 296(20):1149-50.
- ↑ Sargent SK, Foote SL, Mooney DP, Shorter NA. The posterior approach to pyloric sonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2000 Apr. 30(4):256-7
- ↑ http://www.thepocusatlas.com/pediatrics/
- ↑ Rohrschneider WK, Mittnacht H, Darge K, Tröger J. Pyloric muscle in asymptomatic infants: sonographic evaluation and discrimination from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 1998 Jun;28(6):429-34.