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| == Background == | | {{Peds top}} [[pneumonia]] |
| | | ==Background== |
| *Most common site of infection in neonates | | *Most common site of infection in neonates |
| *Fever and tachypnea are Sensitive but not Specific
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|
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| === Causes ===
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|
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| ==== Neonatal ====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" rowspan="0" | Etiology
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| ! valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" rowspan="0" | Clinical Presentation
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| ! valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" rowspan="0" | Management Approach
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" |
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| Bacterial
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|
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| [[Group B Streptococcus]] (most common), [[Escherichia coli]], [[Listeria monocytogenes]], [[Haemophilus influenzae]], [[S. pneumoniae]] [[Klebsiella]] species, [[Enterobacter]] aerogenes
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|
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Fulminant illness w/ onset w/in 48hr of life, w/ infection likely acquired in utero from contaminated amniotic fluid environment.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Full evaluation for sepsis (blood and urine cultures, chest radiographs, and complete blood count). The blood culture results are typically negative. Two culture samples may increase diagnostic yield fourfold.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Respiratory distress, unstable temperature (high or low), irritability or lethargy, tachycardia and poor feeding may be present.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | A lumbar puncture should be done if there are no contraindications.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Hospitalization, supportive care (<small>O</small><sub>2</sub>), and parenteral antibiotics (ampicillin and gentamicin, adjusts as per culture and sensitivities when available).<br/>
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Nosocomial infections in premature infants (''Staphylococcus aureus'',''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'')
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Same as for common bacterial etiology.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Same as for common bacterial etiology.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="5" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | ''Chlamydia''
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Develops in 3%–16% of exposed neonates (in colonized mothers).
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Sepsis evaluation as indicated.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | CXR may show hyperinflation with interstitial infiltrates.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Usually occurs after 3 wk of age, accompanied by conjunctivitis in one half of cases. Often afebrile, tachypneic, with prominent "staccato" cough. Wheezing uncommon.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Definitive diagnosis by nasopharyngeal swab PCR or cultures.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Eosinophilia may be seen on peripheral blood count.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Treatment: macrolide (erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin).
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="6" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" |
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| ''Bordetella pertussis''
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|
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="6" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | In addition to pneumonia, may causes paroxysms of cough, ± cyanosis and post-tussive emesis in otherwise well-looking infant. Characteristic whoop is not present in neonates. Apnea may be the only symptom. Suspect when adult caregiver also has persistent cough.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Sepsis evaluation as indicated.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Diagnosis via nasopharyngeal swab for PCR and/or culture.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Lymphocytosis in peripheral blood count is nonspecific but supports the diagnosis.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Macrolides are efficient against ''B. pertussis'' but is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for infants <6 mo.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | No available data on efficacy of azithromycin or clarithromycin in infants <1 mo old, but case series show less adverse effects with azithromycin.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Neonates need to be admitted during treatment and monitored for severe adverse effects.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="6" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" |
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| ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''
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|
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Half of infants born to actively infected mothers develop TB if not immunized or treated.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Sepsis evaluation as for bacterial pneumonia.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | CXR, culture of urine, gastric and tracheal aspirates.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | May be acquired via transplacental means, aspiration/ingestion of infected amniotic fluid, or postnatal airborne transmission.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Skin testing not sensitive in neonates.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Routine anti-TB treatment.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Supportive treatment as needed.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Often presents with nonspecific systemic symptoms with multi-organ involvement (fever, failure to thrive, respiratory distress, organomegaly).
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="6" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Viral pneumonia (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, parainfluenza)
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Initial upper respiratory illness progressing to respiratory distress and feeding difficulty.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Sepsis evaluation as indicated.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="2" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Viral testing (direct antigen detection/PCR/cultures) of nasopharyngeal washings (swab).
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Hypoxia and apnea may be present.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" rowspan="3" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Often indistinguishable from bronchiolitis.
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Rate of concurrent bacterial infections in confirmed viral infection is low.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | CXR for significant respiratory distress.
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| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"
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| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | Supportive therapy; monitoring for apnea in young and premature infants.
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| ==== Infants and Children ====
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| *More likely to have viral cause
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| **Consider secondary bacterial pneumonia if URI progresses to lower tract symptoms
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| ***Pneumococus, H. flu, staph, pertussis
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| **If age >5 consider mycoplasma (treat w/ macrolide)
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| ===Bugs by Age Group=== | | ===Bugs by Age Group=== |
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| **[[Gram-negative bacilli]] | | **[[Gram-negative bacilli]] |
| **[[Listeria monocytogenes]] | | **[[Listeria monocytogenes]] |
| *1mo-3mo | | *1-3 months |
| **[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] | | **[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] |
| **[[Chlamydia trachomatis]] | | **[[Chlamydia trachomatis]] |
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| **[[Bordetella pertussis]] | | **[[Bordetella pertussis]] |
| **[[Staphylococcus aureus]] | | **[[Staphylococcus aureus]] |
| *3mo-5yr | | *3 months-5 years |
| **[[S. pneumoniae]] | | **[[S. pneumoniae]] |
| **[[S. aureus]] | | **[[S. aureus]] |
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| **[[C. trachomatis]] | | **[[C. trachomatis]] |
| **[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]] | | **[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]] |
| *5–18 y | | *5–18 years |
| **[[M. pneumoniae]] | | **[[M. pneumoniae]] |
| **[[S. pneumoniae]] | | **[[S. pneumoniae]] |
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| **[[S. aureus]] | | **[[S. aureus]] |
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| == Diagnosis == | | ==Clinical Features== |
| | ''Fever and tachypnea are sensitive but not specific'' |
| | *[[Fever]] |
| | *[[Cough]] |
| | **Productive cough is rarely seen before late childhood |
| | |
| | ==Differential Diagnosis== |
| | {{Pediatric fever DDX}} |
|
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| *Absence of tachypnea, resp distress, and rales/decr BS rules-out with 100% sp | | ==Evaluation== |
| **Productive cough is rarely seen before late childhood
| | *Absence of tachypnea, respiratory distress, and rales/decreased breath sounds rules-out with 100% sensitivity |
| *Imaging | | *Imaging |
| **CXR is not the gold standard! | | **[[CXR]] is not the gold standard! |
| **Cannot differentiate between viral and bact (but lobar infiltrate more often bacterial) | | **Cannot differentiate between viral and bacterial (but lobar infiltrate more often bacterial) |
| **Consider for: | | **Consider for: |
| ***Age 0-3mo (part of w/u for sepsis) | | ***Age 0-3mo (as part of sepsis workup) |
| ***<5yr w/ temp >102.2, WBC >20K and no clear source of infection | | ***<5yr with temperature >102.2, WBC >20K and no clear source of infection |
| ***Ambiguous clinical findings | | ***Ambiguous clinical findings |
| ***PNA that is prolonged or not responsive to abx | | ***Pneumonia that is prolonged or not responsive to antibiotics |
| *Consider rapid assays for RSV, influenza | | *Consider rapid assays for [[RSV]], [[influenza]] |
| *Blood/nasal culture are low yield | | *Blood/nasal culture are low yield |
| | **in prospective study, 91 blood cultures needed for one positive result for CAP; but in ICU one child had bacteremia for every 24 cultures obtained, one for every 12 with parapneumonic effusion <ref> Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of bacteremic pneumonia in children. Pediatrics. 2019 Jun 19. </ref> |
| | **consider for sicker ones, those with effusions |
|
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| == Treatment<ref name="AAP">AAP. Management of Communty-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older than 3 Months of Age. Pediatrics. Vol 128 No 6 December 1, 2011.</ref>== | | ==Treatment<ref>Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 2014</ref>== |
| ===Newborn===
| | {{Pediatric pneumonia treatment}} |
| *Hospitalized
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| **[[Ampicillin]] (80-90mg/kg/day) + ([[gentamicin]] OR [[cefotaxime]])
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| *Outpatient
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| **Initial outpatient management not recommended
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|
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| ===1-3 Month=== | | ==Disposition== |
| *Hospitalized | | ''All Children less than 2 months should be hospitalized<ref>AAP. Management of Communty-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older than 3 Months of Age. Pediatrics. Vol 128 No 6 December 1, 2011</ref>'' |
| **Afebrile pneumonitis | | ===Consider Admission For=== |
| ***[[Erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]]
| | *Age: <2-3 months old |
| **Febrile pneumonia | | *History of severe or relevant congenital disorders |
| ***[[Cefuroxime]] ± ([[erythromycin]] IV or [[clarithromycin]] PO)
| | *Immune suppression (HIV, SCD, malignancy) |
| **Severe: choose one of | | *Toxic appearance/respiratory distress |
| ***[[Cefuroxime]] + ([[erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]]) | | *SpO2 <90-93% |
| ***[[Cefotaxime]] + [[erythromycin]]
| | *Vomiting/dehydration |
| ***[[Cloxacillin]] + [[clarithromycin]] | | *Unstable social environment |
| *Outpatient | |
| **Initial outpatient management not recommended
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|
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| ===3mo - 5 year=== | | ==See Also== |
| *Hospitalized
| | *[[Pneumonia (Main)]] |
| **Mild
| | *[[Pediatric fever]] |
| ***PO: [[Amoxicillin]] or [[Amoxicillin-clavulanate]]
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| ***IV: [[Ampicillin]] or [[cefuroxime]]
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| **Moderate or severe
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| ***([[Ampicillin]] or [[cefuroxime]]) + ([[erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]]) IV | |
| *Outpatient
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| **[[Amoxicillin]] or [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]] or [[cefuroxime axetil]]
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| ===5yr - 18yr===
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| *Hospitalized
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| **[[Ampicillin]] IV + ([[erythromycin]] OR [[clarithromycin]])
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| **Alternative
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| ***[[Cefuroxime]] or [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]] or [[erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]]
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| **Moderate to severe
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| ***[[Cefuroxime]] + ([[erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]])
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| *Outpatient
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| **[[Erythromycin]] or [[clarithromycin]]
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| **or [[amoxicillin]] ± [[clavulanate]]
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| **or [[cefuroxime axetil]] x7-10d
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| | |
| ==Disposition==
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| *All Children less than 2 months should be hospitalized<ref name="AAP"></ref>
| |
| *Consider admission for:
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| **Age of birth to 3mo
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| **History of severe or relevant congenital disorders
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| **Immune suppression (HIV, SCD, malignancy)
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| **Toxic appearance/resp distress
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| **SpO2 <90-93%
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|
| |
|
| ==Source== | | ==References== |
| <references/> | | <references/> |
|
| |
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| [[Category:Peds]] | | [[Category:Pediatrics]] |
| [[Category:ID]] | | [[Category:ID]] |
| | [[Category:Pulmonary]] |