Neonatal conjunctivitis: Difference between revisions

 
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''This page is for neonatal patients; for non-neonatal pediatric see [[conjunctivitis (peds)]] and adult patients see [[conjunctivitis]]''
==Background==
==Background==
*Vesicles + conjunctivitis = full sepsis eval + acyclovir
*Neonatal conjunctivitis = ophthalmia neonatorum
*First 30 days of life
*Chemical, Gonococcal, Chlamydial, other bacterial, and viral


==Diagnosis==
===Types===
*Chlamydial
====Chemical====
**Can range from mild to severe hyperemia w/ thick mucopurulent discharge
*Historically due to ocular prophylaxis with silver nitrate
*Gonococcal
*Occurs on 1st day of life, resolves within 48 hrs
**May present as typical conjunctivitis or w/ severe lid edema, cornea ulceration
*Less common now with [[erythromycin]] ointment replacing [[silver nitrate]]
==Work-Up==
 
*Gram stain/culture to r/o N. gonorrhea vs C. trachomatis
====[[Gonococcal]]====
*Presents at 2-7 days of life (peak 3-5)
*Bilateral conjunctival erythema, chemosis
*Copious purulent discharge
*Has potential to cause loss of vision
 
====[[Chlamydia]]====
*Similar exam to gonoccocal but starts at 7-14 days of age
*Peaks from 1wk to 1 month after birth
*Leading cause of preventable blindness in the world
*May present with otitis and chlamydial pneumonia with staccato cough
 
====[[Herpes|Herpetic]]====
*Peaks at 6-14 days of life
*Presents with inflammation and edema, less likely purulence
*Look for other mucocutaneous lesions and assess mother for herpes
*May lead to keratitis and disseminated infection
*Vesicles + conjunctivitis = acyclovir + full sepsis w/u, including for disseminated herpes
 
====[[Streptococcus]]/[[S. Aureus]]====
*5 weeks to 5 yrs
 
==Clinical Features==
[[File:Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.jpg|thumb|Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum]]
===[[Chlamydia]]===
*Can range from mild to severe hyperemia with thick mucopurulent discharge
===[[Gonococcal]]===
*May present as typical conjunctivitis or with severe lid edema, cornea ulceration
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Neonatal eye problems DDX}}
 
==Evaluation==
*Gram stain/culture to rule out N. gonorrhea vs C. trachomatis
**C. trachomatis will have negative gram stain because it is an intracellular parasite.
**C. trachomatis will have negative gram stain because it is an intracellular parasite.


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Management==
*Chemical
{{Neonatal conjunctivitis treatment}}
**Due to ocular prophylaxis
 
**Occurs on 1st day of life
*Gonococcal
**Peaks at 3-5 days after birth
**Has potential to cause loss of vision
*Chlamydia
**Peaks from 1wk to 1 month after birth
**Leading cause of preventable blindness in the world
*Herpetic
**Peaks at 6-14 days of life
**May lead to keratitis and disseminated infection


==Treatment==
NB:
*Gonococcal
*For conjunctivitis starting >2 weeks of age, most likely pathogens include S. aureus, S. epi, E. coli, pseudomonas, and non-typable H. Flu.
**Cefotaxime 100mg/kg IV or IM OR [[ceftriaxone]] 25-50mg/kg IV or IM x1 (not to exceed 125mg)
*No systemic therapy necessary, treat w/ bacitracin-polymyxin ointment
***Cefotaxime is preferred b/c does not displace bilirubin
**Disseminated disease should be suspected until CSF is negative
**Topical tx is unnecessary
*Chlamydial
**Erythromycin 50mg/kg PO QD in 4 divided doses x 14 days
**Topical tx is unnecessary
*Herpetic
**Acyclovir 20mg/kg IV q8hr x 14-21d
**Topical antiviral
**Full sepsis evaluation
*Chemical
**Watchful waiting


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
*Gonococcal
*Gonococcal
**Admit
**Admit all infants for evaluation of disseminated disease (BCx, UA/UCx, CSF) and ophthalmology consult given high risk
*Herpetic
*Herpetic
**Admit
**Admit
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==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Conjunctivitis]]
*[[Conjunctivitis]]
*[[Red Eye (Peds)]]
{{Eye algorithms}}
*[[Eye Algorithms (Main)]]
 
==References==
<references/>


==Source==
Tintinalli


[[Category:Peds]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Ophtho]]
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:ID]]

Latest revision as of 17:14, 5 October 2019

This page is for neonatal patients; for non-neonatal pediatric see conjunctivitis (peds) and adult patients see conjunctivitis

Background

  • Neonatal conjunctivitis = ophthalmia neonatorum
  • First 30 days of life
  • Chemical, Gonococcal, Chlamydial, other bacterial, and viral

Types

Chemical

  • Historically due to ocular prophylaxis with silver nitrate
  • Occurs on 1st day of life, resolves within 48 hrs
  • Less common now with erythromycin ointment replacing silver nitrate

Gonococcal

  • Presents at 2-7 days of life (peak 3-5)
  • Bilateral conjunctival erythema, chemosis
  • Copious purulent discharge
  • Has potential to cause loss of vision

Chlamydia

  • Similar exam to gonoccocal but starts at 7-14 days of age
  • Peaks from 1wk to 1 month after birth
  • Leading cause of preventable blindness in the world
  • May present with otitis and chlamydial pneumonia with staccato cough

Herpetic

  • Peaks at 6-14 days of life
  • Presents with inflammation and edema, less likely purulence
  • Look for other mucocutaneous lesions and assess mother for herpes
  • May lead to keratitis and disseminated infection
  • Vesicles + conjunctivitis = acyclovir + full sepsis w/u, including for disseminated herpes

Streptococcus/S. Aureus

  • 5 weeks to 5 yrs

Clinical Features

Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum

Chlamydia

  • Can range from mild to severe hyperemia with thick mucopurulent discharge

Gonococcal

  • May present as typical conjunctivitis or with severe lid edema, cornea ulceration

Differential Diagnosis

Neonatal eye problems

Evaluation

  • Gram stain/culture to rule out N. gonorrhea vs C. trachomatis
    • C. trachomatis will have negative gram stain because it is an intracellular parasite.

Management

Prophylaxis

Chemical

  • Watchful waiting

Gonococcal (onset 2-4 days)

  • Cefotaxime 100mg/kg IV or IM OR ceftriaxone 25-50mg/kg IV or IM x1 (not to exceed 125mg)
    • Cefotaxime is preferred because it does not displace bilirubin
    • Disseminated disease should be suspected until CSF is negative
    • Treat mother and partners
    • Irrigate eyes with saline (topical antibiotics are insufficient and unnecessary)

Chlamydia (onset 5-10 days)

  • Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment plus one of the following
  • Disease manifests 5 days post-birth to 2 weeks (late onset)

Herpetic (onset 6-14 days)

  • Acyclovir 20mg/kg IV q8hr x 14-21d
  • Topical antiviral
  • Do not give steroids
  • Full neonatal sepsis evaluation
  • Immediate ophtho consult


NB:

  • For conjunctivitis starting >2 weeks of age, most likely pathogens include S. aureus, S. epi, E. coli, pseudomonas, and non-typable H. Flu.
  • No systemic therapy necessary, treat w/ bacitracin-polymyxin ointment

Disposition

  • Gonococcal
    • Admit all infants for evaluation of disseminated disease (BCx, UA/UCx, CSF) and ophthalmology consult given high risk
  • Herpetic
    • Admit

See Also

Eye Algorithms

References