| Newborn
|
| Obstructive intestinal anomalies
|
Esophageal stenosis/atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal stenosis/atresia, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, meconium ileus/plug, Hirschsprung disease, imperforate anus, enteric duplications
|
| Neurologic
|
Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, kernicterus
|
| Renal
|
Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
|
| Infectious
|
Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis
|
| Metabolic/endocrine
|
Inborn errors of metabolism (urea cycle, amino/organic acid, carbohydrate), congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, necrotizing enterocolitis, milk allergy, GI perforation
|
| Infant (<12 mo)
|
| Obstructive intestinal anomalies
|
Pyloric stenosis, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, enteric duplications, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum
|
| Neurologic
|
Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema
|
| Renal
|
Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
|
| Infectious
|
Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, pertussis, hepatitis
|
| Metabolic/endocrine
|
Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose
|
| Child (>12 mo)
|
|
| Obstructive intestinal anomalies
|
Malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum, acquired esophageal stricture, peptic ulcer disease, adhesions, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
|
| Neurologic
|
Intracranial bleed/mass, cerebral edema, postconcussive, migraine
|
| Renal
|
Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
|
| Infectious
|
Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, hepatitis, streptococcal pharyngitis
|
| Metabolic/endocrine
|
Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis, diabetes mellitus, Reye syndrome, porphyria
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose, appendicitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, Crohn disease, pregnancy, psychogenic, cyclic vomiting syndrome
|
