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| | ''This page is for adult patients; for pediatric patients see [[nausea and vomiting (peds)]]'' |
| ==Background== | | ==Background== |
| [[File:Nausea_and_vomiting.png|thumb|Nausea and Vomiting Algorithm]] | | [[File:Nausea_and_vomiting.png|thumb|Nausea and Vomiting Algorithm]] |
| ==Work-Up==
| |
| #CBC
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| #Chemistry
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| #Urine pregnancy
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| #LFTs
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| #Lipase
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| #APAP, ASA, digoxin levels
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| #UA
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| #?Abd xray
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| #?CT
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| #?US
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|
| |
|
| == DDX by organ system == | | ==Clinical Features== |
| ===GI===
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| #[[Peptic ulcer disease]]
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| #Obstruction
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| ##Adhesion
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| ##[[Small bowel obstruction]]/LBO
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| ##Gastric outlet obstruction
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| #[[Pancreatitis]]
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| #Gastroparesis
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| #[[Appendicitis]]
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| #[[Cholecystitis]]
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| #[[Cholangitis]]
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| #[[Acute Hepatitis]]
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| #IBD
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| #[[Intussusception]]
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| #Tumor
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| #Strangulated hernia
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| #[[Volvulus]]
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| #[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
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| #Esophageal disorders (e.g. achalasia)
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| #Functional disorders
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| ##Psychogenic
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| ##[[IBS]]
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| #[[Pyloric Stenosis]]
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|
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|
| ===Neurologic===
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| #Head injury
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| #[[CVA]]
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| #Pseudotumor
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| #Hydrocephalus
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| #Mass lesion
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| #[[Meningitis]]
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| #Migraines
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| #[[Labyrinthitis]]
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| #Meniere disease
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| #Motion sickness
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| #[[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]]
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|
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|
| ===Infectious=== | | ==Differential Diagnosis== |
| #Bacterial toxins
| | {{Nausea and vomiting DDX}} |
| #[[PNA]]
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| #[[SBP]]
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| #[[UTI]]
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| #Viruses (adeno, norwalk, rota
| |
| ===Drugs/Toxins===
| |
| #Toxic doses
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| ##Digoxin
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| ##ASA
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| ##APAP
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| #NSAIDs
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| #Opiates
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| #ETOH
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| #Anticonvulsants
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| #Abx
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| #Antiarrhythmics
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| #Toxins
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| ##Organophosphates
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| ##CO
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| ##Ricin
| |
| ===Endocrine===
| |
| #Pregnancy
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| #[[Hyponatremia]]
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| #Adrenal insufficiency
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| #[[DKA]]
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| #Thyroid/parathyroid disorders
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| #[[Uremia]]
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|
| |
|
| ===Miscellaneous=== | | ===By organ system=== |
| #[[ACS]]
| | ====GI==== |
| #Gonadal torsion
| | *[[Peptic ulcer disease]] |
| #[[Nephrolithiasis]]
| | *Obstruction |
| #Pain
| | **Adhesion |
| #Acute glaucoma
| | **[[Small bowel obstruction]]/LBO |
| #Anorexia/bulimia
| | ***[[SMA syndrome]] |
| #Depression
| | **Gastric outlet obstruction |
| | **[[Gastric volvulus]] |
| | **[[Bezoar]] |
| | *[[Pancreatitis]] |
| | *[[Gastroparesis]] |
| | *[[Appendicitis]] |
| | *[[Cholecystitis]] |
| | *[[Cholangitis]] |
| | *[[Acute Hepatitis]] |
| | *[[IBD]] |
| | *[[Intussusception]] |
| | *Tumor |
| | *Strangulated [[hernia]] |
| | *[[Volvulus]] |
| | *[[Mesenteric ischemia]] |
| | *Esophageal disorders (e.g. [[achalasia]]) |
| | *Functional disorders |
| | **Psychogenic |
| | **[[IBS]] |
| | *[[Pyloric Stenosis]] |
|
| |
|
| ==DDx by Severity== | | ====Neurologic==== |
| === Critical === | | *[[Head injury]] |
| #[[Esophageal Perforation|Boerhaave's]]
| | *[[CVA]] |
| #Ischemic bowel
| | *[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] |
| #[[ICH]]
| | *[[Hydrocephalus]] |
| #[[Meningitis]]
| | *[[Intracranial mass|Mass lesion]] |
| #[[DKA]]
| | *[[Meningitis]] |
| #[[AMI]]
| | *[[Migraine]] |
| #[[Sepsis]]
| | *[[Labyrinthitis]] |
| | *[[Meniere's disease]] |
| | *[[Motion sickness]] |
| | *[[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]] |
|
| |
|
| === Emergent === | | ====Infectious==== |
| #Gastric outlet obstruction
| | *Bacterial toxins |
| #[[Pancreatitis]]
| | *[[Pneumonia]] |
| #[[Cholecystitis]]
| | *[[SBP]] |
| #Bowel obstruction/ileus
| | *[[UTI]] |
| #Ruptured viscus
| | *Viruses ([[adenovirus]], [[norovirus]], [[rotavirus]]) |
| #[[Appendicitis]]
| |
| #Peritonitis
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| #Migraine
| |
| #CNS tumor
| |
| #raised ICP
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| #Adrenal insuffciency
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| #Hyperemesis gravidarum
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| #Tylenol
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| #Digoxin
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| #ASA
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| #Theophyline
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| #Gonadal torsion
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| #CO
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| #[[Electrolyte Disorders]]
| |
| ===Nonemergent===
| |
| #[[Gastritis]]
| |
| #Gastroparesis
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| #PUD
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| #Gastroenteritis
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| #Biliary colic
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| #Hepatitis
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| #Thyroid
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| #Pregnancy
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| #Erythromycin
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| #Ibuprofen
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| #Chemotherapy
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| #Narcotics/wdwl from
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| #ETOH
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| #UTI
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| #Renal colic
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| #Motion sickness
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| #Labyrinthitis
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|
| |
|
| == Complications == | | ====Drugs/Toxins==== |
| #Hypovolemia
| | *Toxic doses |
| #Metabolic alkalosis
| | **[[Digoxin toxicity]] |
| #Hypokalemia
| | **[[Aspirin toxicity]] |
| #Mallory-Weiss (tear)
| | **[[Acetaminophen toxicity]] |
| #Boerhaave (rupture)
| | **[[Ipecac toxicity]] |
| #Aspiration
| | *[[NSAIDs]] |
| | *[[Opioids]] |
| | *[[Alcohol]] |
| | *[[Anticonvulsants]] |
| | *[[Antibiotics]] |
| | *[[Antiarrhythmics]] |
| | *Toxins |
| | **[[Organophosphates]] |
| | **[[Carbon monoxide]] |
| | **[[Ricin]] |
| | *[[Acute radiation syndrome]] |
|
| |
|
| == Peds == | | ====Endocrine==== |
| | *[[Pregnancy]] |
| | *[[Hyponatremia]] |
| | *[[Adrenal insufficiency]] |
| | *[[DKA]] |
| | *[[Thyroid]]/parathyroid disorders |
| | *[[Uremia]] |
|
| |
|
| {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0" bgcolor="#666666" width="100%"
| | ====Miscellaneous==== |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| | *[[ACS]] |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" colspan="2" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Newborn'''
| | *[[Ovarian torsion|ovarian]]/[[testicular torsion]] |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| | *[[Nephrolithiasis]] |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
| | *Pain |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Esophageal stenosis/atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal stenosis/atresia, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, meconium ileus/plug, Hirschsprung disease, imperforate anus, enteric duplications
| | *[[Acute angle-closure glaucoma]] |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| | *[[Anorexia nervosa]]/[[bulimia nervosa]] |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
| | *[[Depression]] |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, kernicterus
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism (urea cycle, amino/organic acid, carbohydrate), congenital adrenal hyperplasia
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, necrotizing enterocolitis, milk allergy, GI perforation
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" colspan="2" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Infant (<12 mo)'''
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Pyloric stenosis, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, enteric duplications, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, pertussis, hepatitis
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | '''Child (>12 mo)'''
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " |
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Obstructive intestinal anomalies
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung disease, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum, acquired esophageal stricture, peptic ulcer disease, adhesions, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Neurologic
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Intracranial bleed/mass, cerebral edema, postconcussive, migraine | |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Renal
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Infectious
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, pneumonia, hepatitis, streptococcal pharyngitis
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Metabolic/endocrine
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal tubular acidosis, diabetes mellitus, Reye syndrome, porphyria
| |
| |- class="font12" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Miscellaneous
| |
| | valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" class="font12" align="left" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; " | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis, drug overdose, appendicitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, Crohn disease, pregnancy, psychogenic, cyclic vomiting syndrome
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| == Source == | | ==Evaluation== |
| *Rosen | | ''Varies widely depending on clinical presentation'' |
| *Tintinalli | | *CBC |
| | *Chemistry |
| | *Urine pregnancy |
| | *[[LFTs]] |
| | *Lipase |
| | *APAP, ASA, digoxin levels |
| | *[[Urinalysis]] |
| | *?Abdominal xray |
| | *?CT |
| | *?[[Ultrasound]] |
| | |
| | ==Management== |
| | |
| | |
| | ==Disposition== |
| | |
| | |
| | ==Complications== |
| | *[[Hypovolemia]] |
| | *[[Metabolic alkalosis]] |
| | *[[Hypokalemia]] |
| | *[[Mallory-Weiss]] (tear) |
| | *[[Boerhaave]] (rupture) |
| | *Aspiration |
| | |
| | ==See Also== |
| | *[[Nausea and vomiting (peds)]] |
| | |
| | ==External Links== |
| | |
| | |
| | ==References== |
| | <references/> |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:GI]] | | [[Category:GI]] |
| [[Category:Peds]] | | [[Category:Symptoms]] |