Myxedema coma
Background
- Hypothyroidism + mental status changes/coma + hypothermia + precipitating stressor[1]
- Majority of the patients > 60yo[2]
- Occurs in 0.1% of patients with hypothyroidism
- Usually occurs after precipitating incident in patient with untreated hypothyroidism [3]
- Mortality may be as high as 60%[4]
- Untreated mortality approaches 100% [5]
- ~50% of cases become evident after admission
- Severe hypothyroidism may be first time presentation of hypothyroid[6]
Precipitants
- Bradycardia and hypothermia
- Burns
- CHF
- CVA
- Cold exposure
- GI bleed
- Metabolic abnormalities (hypoxia, hypercapnia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia)
- Medications: Beta blockers, sedatives, opioids, phenothiazines, amiodarone[7]
- Especially medications with CNS depressant effect [8]
- Medication non-adherence (thyroid meds)
- MI
- Sepsis
- Trauma
- PE
Spectrum of Thyroid Disease
- Myxedema coma << hypothyroidism < euthyroid > hyperthyroidism >> thyroid storm
Clinical Features
Hypothermia
- Temperature <35.5°C (95.9°F).
- Degree of hypothermia is proportional to mortality[9]
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
- Hypoventilation, hypercapnia
- There is often diaphragmatic dysfunction that causes worsening hypoventilation. The dysfunction is reversed after thyroid hormone administration[10]
- Early respiratory support with intubation may be necessary to prevent respiratory collapse
- Hypoxia
- Pleural Effusion
- Upper airway obstruction from glottic edema, vocal cord edema, and macroglossia can complicate intubation.
Neurologic
- Altered mental status/Coma due to CO2 narcosis
- Coma is very rare
- Pseudomyotonic "hung up" deep tendon reflexes
- Particularly Achilles reflex
- Relaxation phase of DTR twice as long as contraction phase
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms [11]
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Work-Up
- TSH, FT4, FT3
- In primary hypothyroidism TSH will be elevated and T4 and T3 will be low
- If the patient has secondary hypothyroidism (Pituitary dysfunction) the TSH may be low or normal and T4 and T3 will be low
- Chemistry
- CBC
- Mild anemia, leukopenia
- Blood cultures
- LFTs
- Elevated transaminases
- Elevated CPK
- Cortisol level
- VBG/ABG
- Hypercapnia
- Hypoxia
- Lipid levels
- Hypercholesterolemia
- CXR
- ECG
- Sinus bradycardia
- Non-specific ST-T wave changes
- Prolonged QTc
- Ventricular dysrhythmias
- Bedside cardiac US for pericardial effusion
Diagnosis
Management
Respiratory Support
- Early mechanical ventilation will prevent respiratory collapse and severe respiratory acidosis.
Fluid Resuscitation
- Often intravascularly depleted
- May have underlying illness causing dehydration
- In patients who are hyponatremic, be cautious with rapid correction of hyponatremia
- Consider fluid restriction
- Use D5NS if hypoglycemic
- Monitor for unmasking of CHF
Hypotension
- Vasopressors will be ineffective without concomitant thyroid hormone replacement
Hormone Replacement
- Levothyroxine (T4) (generally agreed upon first line therapy)
- Dose: 100 to 500 mcg (4mcg/kg IV) followed by 75 to 100 mcg administered IV daily until the patient takes oral replacement.[12]
- Does require extrathyroidal conversion which can be reduced in myxedema but will have a slow steady onset of action
- Potentially safer in patients with CAD
- American Thyroid Association recommends treatment with both T4 and T3[13]
- T3 5-20mcg IV followed by 2.5-10mcg q8hr [14][15]
- Start with 10mcg if elderly or has CAD
- Does not require extrathyroidal conversion
- More rapid onset but may be harmful in patients with CAD
Adrenal Insufficiency
- Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV q8h for possible concomitant adrenal insufficiency
- Alternative: dexamethasone 2-4mg q12hrs (will not affect cortisol level or ACTH stimulation test)
Hypothermia
- Treat with passive rewarming
- Hypothermia will also reverse with thyroid hormone administration
- Avoid mechanical stimulation
- Do not actively rewarm:
- Usually are volume depleted
- Rapid peripheral vasodilation may induce worsening hypotension
Disposition
- Admit to ICU
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Wall CR. Myxedema coma: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. Dec 1 2000;62(11):2485-90.
- ↑ Davis PJ, Davis FB. Hypothyroidism in the elderly. Compr Ther. 1984;10:17–23.
- ↑ Thiessen, M. (2018). Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders. Rosen's Emergency Medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
- ↑ Arlot S et al. Myxoedema coma: response of thyroid hormones with oral and intravenous high-dose L-thyroxine treatment. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17:16–8.
- ↑ Thiessen, M. (2018). Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders. Rosen's Emergency Medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
- ↑ Nicoloff JT et al. A form of decompensated hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:279–90.
- ↑ Mazonson PD et al. Myxedema coma during long-term amiodarone therapy. Am J Med. 1984;77:751–4.
- ↑ Thiessen, M. (2018). Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders. Rosen's Emergency Medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
- ↑ Thiessen, MEW. Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders. In Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 9. Philadelphia, Elsevier 2018, (Ch) 120:p 1557-1571.
- ↑ Martinez FJ et al. Hypothyroidism. A reversible cause of diaphragmatic dysfunction. Chest. 1989;96:1059–63.
- ↑ Thiessen, M. (2018). Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders. Rosen's Emergency Medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
- ↑ Smallridge RC. Metabolic and anatomic thyroid emergencies: a review. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:276–91
- ↑ Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec. 24 (12):1670-751.
- ↑ Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267409/
- ↑ Clinical characteristics and outcomes of myxedema coma: Analysis of a national inpatient database in Japan https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5350620/