Mesenteric ischemia: Difference between revisions

m (Rossdonaldson1 moved page Mesenteric Ischemia to Mesenteric ischemia)
(36 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
== Pathophysiology ==
==Background==
*Most commonly SMA, thus typically involves small bowel (especially jejunum) and right colon
*Left colon uncommonly involved due to collateral flow
===Pathophysiology===
4 distinct entities:
4 distinct entities:
#Mesenteric arterial embolism
#Mesenteric arterial embolism (ex. Afib)
#Mesenteric arterial thrombosis
#Mesenteric arterial thrombosis (ex. Vasculopath)
#Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia
#Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (ex. Hypovolemia from diuretics)
#Mesenteric venous thrombosis
#Mesenteric venous thrombosis (ex. hypercoagulable state)


== Epidemiology ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
#Mean age: 70yo
|+ Risk Factors for Mesenteric Ischemia Types
#2/3 women
|-
! scope="col" | '''Type'''
! scope="col" | '''Risk Factor'''
|-
| Arterial Embolism||
*Dysrhythmia (A. Fib)
*Valve Disease
*MI
|-
| Arterial Thrombosis||
*Atherosclerotic Disease
|-
| Venous Thrombosis||
*Prior thrombosis history
*Hypercoagulable state (preg, cancer, clotting disorder)
|-
| Nonocculsive||
*Hypovolemic state
*Heart Failure
*[[Myocardial infarction]] with decrease output
*Sepsis
*Diuretic use
|}


== Risk Factors ==
===Epidemiology===
#CAD
*Mean age: 70yo
#Valvular heart disease
*2/3 women
#Dysrhythmia
#Hypovolemia / hypotension
#Meds
## Diuretics
## Vasoconstrictive
## Digoxin
# Dialysis


== Signs/Symptoms ==
===Risk Factors===
# Pain out of proportion to exam
*CAD
# Severe, poorly localized, colicky
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Dysrhythmia]]
*Hypovolemia / [[hypotension]]
*Meds
**Diuretics
**Vasoconstrictive
**Digoxin
*Dialysis


==Work Up==
==Clinical Features==
#Labs
*Pain out of proportion to exam. Abdomen often soft, without guarding.
##Lactate (higher later)
**Pain often left sided around watershed areas of colon (splenic flexure and recto-sigmoid junction)
##WBC (often >15K)
*Severe, generalized, colicky
##Chemistry (metabolic acidosis)
*Bloody stools
#CTA
#Angiography


== Treatment ==
==Differential Diagnosis==
# IVF
{{Colitis types}}
# IV Abx
 
# Narcotic analgesia
{{Abdominal Pain DDX Diffuse}}
 
==Evaluation==
*Labs
**[[Lactate]] (higher later)
**WBC (often >15K)
**Chemistry (metabolic acidosis)
**Hyperphosphatemia
*Upright or left lateral decub XR with intraabdominal air
*CTA
*Mesenteric angiography considered gold standard
 
==Management==
*[[IVF]]
*IV [[antibiotics]] - broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent sepsis <ref>Acute mesenteric ischemia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008;10:341</ref>
*[[Opioid]] analgesia


===Acute arterial embolus===
===Acute arterial embolus===
# Papaverine infusion (30-60 mg/h IV) OR
*Papaverine infusion (30-60m g/h IV) '''OR'''
# surgical embolectomy OR
*Surgical embolectomy '''OR'''
# intra-arterial thrombolysis
*Intra-arterial thrombolysis with IR


===Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia===
===Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia===
# Papaverine infusion
*Papaverine infusion


===Mesenteric venous thrombosis===
===Mesenteric venous thrombosis===
# Heparin/warfarin either alone or in combination with surgery
*[[Heparin]]/[[warfarin]] either alone or in combination with surgery
# Immediate heparinization should be started even when surgical intervention is indicated
*Immediate heparinization should be started even when surgical intervention is indicated
## Decreases progression of thrombosis and improves survival
**Decreases progression of thrombosis and improves survival


===Chronic mesenteric ischemia===
===Chronic mesenteric ischemia===
# Angioplasty with or without stent placement or surgical revascularization
*Angioplasty with or without stent placement or surgical revascularization
 
==Disposition==
*Admit with consultation of one or more of the following
**IR
**Vascular
**Surgery
 
==See Also==
 
 
==External Links==


== Consultation ==
# IR
# Vascular
# Surgery


== Source ==
==References==
6/06 MISTRY, Rosen's, Tintinalli
<references/>


[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:Vascular]]

Revision as of 20:22, 13 October 2018

Background

  • Most commonly SMA, thus typically involves small bowel (especially jejunum) and right colon
  • Left colon uncommonly involved due to collateral flow

Pathophysiology

4 distinct entities:

  1. Mesenteric arterial embolism (ex. Afib)
  2. Mesenteric arterial thrombosis (ex. Vasculopath)
  3. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (ex. Hypovolemia from diuretics)
  4. Mesenteric venous thrombosis (ex. hypercoagulable state)
Risk Factors for Mesenteric Ischemia Types
Type Risk Factor
Arterial Embolism
  • Dysrhythmia (A. Fib)
  • Valve Disease
  • MI
Arterial Thrombosis
  • Atherosclerotic Disease
Venous Thrombosis
  • Prior thrombosis history
  • Hypercoagulable state (preg, cancer, clotting disorder)
Nonocculsive

Epidemiology

  • Mean age: 70yo
  • 2/3 women

Risk Factors

Clinical Features

  • Pain out of proportion to exam. Abdomen often soft, without guarding.
    • Pain often left sided around watershed areas of colon (splenic flexure and recto-sigmoid junction)
  • Severe, generalized, colicky
  • Bloody stools

Differential Diagnosis

Colitis

Diffuse Abdominal pain

Evaluation

  • Labs
    • Lactate (higher later)
    • WBC (often >15K)
    • Chemistry (metabolic acidosis)
    • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Upright or left lateral decub XR with intraabdominal air
  • CTA
  • Mesenteric angiography considered gold standard

Management

Acute arterial embolus

  • Papaverine infusion (30-60m g/h IV) OR
  • Surgical embolectomy OR
  • Intra-arterial thrombolysis with IR

Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia

  • Papaverine infusion

Mesenteric venous thrombosis

  • Heparin/warfarin either alone or in combination with surgery
  • Immediate heparinization should be started even when surgical intervention is indicated
    • Decreases progression of thrombosis and improves survival

Chronic mesenteric ischemia

  • Angioplasty with or without stent placement or surgical revascularization

Disposition

  • Admit with consultation of one or more of the following
    • IR
    • Vascular
    • Surgery

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Acute mesenteric ischemia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008;10:341
Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/w/index.php?title=Mesenteric_ischemia&oldid=196337"