Marine toxins, envenomations, and bites: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
===Mechanism===
*Punctures skin to introduce venom
*Generally local symptoms without systemic effects


==Diagnosis==
{{Marine envenomation DDX}}
===Symptoms===
 
*Vary with species
===Visual diagnosis of causative organisms===
*Generally local pain
<gallery mode="packed">
*Systemic symptoms can include  vomiting, hypotension, muscle cramps, paralysis, cardiac arrest
File:Dasyatis pastinaca01.jpg|Common [[stingray]]
File:Oysters of the day 01.jpg|[[Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning|Shellfish ingestion]]
File:Textile cone.jpg|frameless|right|[[Cone shell envenomation|Cone shell]]
File:Lionfish.jpg|[[Lionfish envenomation|Lion fish]]
File:Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg|[[Stonefish]]
File:Phylum porifera.jpg|[[Sponges]]
File:Avispa marina cropped.png|[[Box jellyfish]]
File:Lithothamnion sp..jpg|[[Coral reef]]
File:Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis).jpg|[[Portuguese Man-O-War]]
File:Actiniaria.jpg|[[Sea anemones]]
</gallery>
 
==Clinical Features==
 
===Visual diagnosis of disese patterns===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Stingray injury.jpg|[[Stingray injury]]
File:PMC4373524 40409 2015 7 Fig6 HTML.png|[[Lionfish envenomation]]
File:PMC4862076 12995 2016 112 Fig1 HTML.png|[[Stonefish envenomation]]
File:PMC3760923 abd-88-0496-g06.png|[[Seabather's eruption]]
</gallery>


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Toxins
{{Water related injuries DDX}}
##[[Scombroid]]
{{Bites and stings DDX}}
##[[Ciguatera]]
 
#[[Marine Sting | Stingers]]
==Evaluation==
##Stingrays
*See specific injury type
#Venomous fish (catfish, zebrafish, scorpion fish, stonefish)
 
##Sea urchins
==Management==
##cone shells
*See specific injury type
#[[Nematocysts]]
 
##Jellyfish (Cnidaria)
==Disposition==
##Portuguese man-of-war
*See specific injury type
##Corals
 
##Fire Corals
==See Also==
##Sea anemones
*[[Envenomations, bites and stings]]
##Sea wasps
*[[Water-related injuries]]
#Bites
 
##[[Octopus Bites | Octopus]]
==External Links==


==Treatment==
*Supportive
*If visible remove spines and stinger
*'''Immediately immerse wound in hot water (45°C for 30-90min)'''
*Clean area
*Tetanus prophylaxis
*Antivenom exists for stonefish toxicity


==Sources==
==References==
*Auerbach PS. Marine envenomations. N Engl J Med. 1991.
<references/>
*Atkinson PRT. Is hot water immersion an effective treatment for marine envenomation? Emergency Medicine Journal. 2006;23(7):503–508. doi:10.1136/emj.2005.028456.


[[Category:Tox]][[category:Environ]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[category:Environmental]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 11 March 2021

Background

Marine toxins, envenomations, and bites

Visual diagnosis of causative organisms

Clinical Features

Visual diagnosis of disese patterns

Differential Diagnosis

Water-related injuries

Envenomations, bites and stings

Evaluation

  • See specific injury type

Management

  • See specific injury type

Disposition

  • See specific injury type

See Also

External Links

References