Lumbar puncture: Difference between revisions

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Correction for bloody tap
==Overview==
[[File:Pediatric vs adult LP.jpg|thumbnail|Comparison of pediatric and adult spinal cord anatomy.]]
[[File:Pediatric_spinal_cord.JPG|thumbnail|Anatomic landmarks for lumbar puncture.]]


Nl Ratio: 700 RBCs to 1 WBC
==Indications==
[[File:PMC3425284 IJA-56-250-g001.png|thumb|Lateral patient positioning for LP.]]
[[File:Lumbar puncture lines.png|thumb|Surface markings for lumbar puncture.  Blue dots = Iliac crests; line connecting them = intercristal (Tuffier's) line; intersection of the Tuffier's line and lumbar spine midline = L4 spinous process.]]
[[File:Sagittal section LP.jpg|thumb|Proper needle trajectory: skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space (containing internal vertebral venous plexus), dura, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space]]
*Suspicion of [[meningitis]] <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt05-collect-transport-specimens.html CDC: Meningitis]</ref>
*Suspicion of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] (SAH) <ref>Carley, S. Harrison, M. Timing of lumbar puncture in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Emerg Med J 2005;22:121-122</ref>
*Suspicion of certain central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]] <ref>Petzold A, Brettschneider J, Jin K, et al. CSF protein biomarkers for proximal axonal damage improve prognostic accuracy in the acute phase of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2009 Jul. 40(1):42-9</ref>
*Therapeutic relief of [[pseudotumor cerebri]] <ref>Chern JJ, Tubbs RS, Gordon AS, Donnithorne KJ, Oakes WJ. Management of pediatric patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Jan 19</ref>


Protein subtract 1mg/dL per 1000 RBCs
==Contraindications==
*[[cellulitis|Infection]] at LP site
*Suspected [[spinal epidural abscess]]
*Trauma at the site


{{Lumbar puncture with coagulopathy}}


*General Contraindications:
===CT Before Lumbar Puncture===
{{CT before LP}}


A. Infection at LP site
==Procedure==
#Ultrasound can be used, especially on high BMI patients. Ultrasound videos [https://vimeo.com/63377229 one], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndnZxAcNjdg two], and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbbpwE_ijm0 three]. Routine use of Ultrasound, however, has not been shown to increase procedural success, use in specific scenarios only<ref>Review: Ultrasound-Assisted Lumbar Puncture (LP) Does Not Increase Procedural Success But Reduces Traumatic LPs Kirschner, J.M., et al, Ann Intern Med 170(2):JC9, January 15, 2019</ref>
#Sterile prep L3-L4 and L4-L5 interspaces; prepare and confirm correct tubes in numerical order
#*U/S can be used to ID interspaces in obese patients increasing your accuracy as much as 2.3 times<ref> Nomura, J, et al. A randomized control study of ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture. J Ultrasound Med. 2007; 26:1341–8.</ref>
#*Aim lower than L4-L5 and no higher in pediatric patients as the conus medullaris ends at L3 at birth<ref>Gupta A and Usha U. Spinal anesthesia in children: A review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jan-Mar; 30(1): 10–18.</ref>
#*Tuffier's line, L5/S1 at iliac crests in the pediatric patient
#Positioning
#*Patient on side: able to measure opening pressure
#*Patient sitting: helpful for difficult habitus, but must move patient to measure opening pressure
#Needle selection
#*3.5 in atraumatic 22ga needle is ideal
#*A 2018 meta analysis showed atraumatic needles had a lower incidence of post-LP headache and need for blood patch when compared to sharp needles<ref>Atraumatic Versus Conventional Lumbar Puncture Needles: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Nath, S., et al, Lancet 391(10126):1197, March 24, 2018</ref>
#*Needle >20ga almost doubles incidence of post-LP headache
#Anesthetize both superficial skin as well as along intended path of LP needle
#Insert needle with bevel parallel to spinal canal
#Opening pressure should be measured with patient on side with legs extended
#Collect 1mL of CSF in each tube


B. Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets <50) or bleeding diathesis or INR >1.5
==CSF Studies==
===Standard===
*Tube 1: Cell count and differential
*Tube 2: Gram stain, bacterial and viral cultures
*Tube 3: Glucose, protein, protein electrophoresis (if indicated)
*Tube 4: Second cell count and differential (if indicated) or hold tube
**Tube 3 or 4 can be used for special tests or additional cultures


C. Mass lesion suspected (do CT or MRI first)
===Additional===
*Cryptoccal ag
*India ink
*AFB PCR
*RPR, VRDL
*Fungal cultures
*viral cultures
*Herpes PCR
*LDH
**>40 suggests bacterial meningitis
**<40 suggests viral


==Evaluation==
{{Lumbar Puncture Diagnosis}}
====Delay in LP====
*CSF cultures are negative '''2 hrs''' after parenteral antibiotics in meningococcal meningitis, and '''6 hrs''' in pneumococcal meningitis<ref>Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS. Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibotic pretreatment. Pediatrics2001;108:1169–74</ref><ref>Michael B1, Menezes BF, Cunniffe J, Miller A, Kneen R, Francis G, Beeching NJ, Solomon T. Effect of delayed lumbar punctures on the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in adults. Emerg Med J 2010;27:6 433-438. PMID 20360497</ref>
*12 hrs after antibiotics: CSF glucose levels increase and protein levels decrease. CSF WBC and neutrophils are not affected<ref>Lise E. Nigrovic, Richard Malley, Charles G. Macias, John T. Kanegaye, Donna M. Moro-Sutherland, Robert D. Schremmer, Sandra H. Schwab, Dewesh Agrawal, Karim M. Mansour, Jonathan E. Bennett, Yiannis L. Katsogridakis, Michael M. Mohseni, Blake Bulloch, Dale W. Steele, Ron L. Kaplan, Martin I. Herman, Subhankar Bandyopadhyay, Peter Dayan, Uyen T. Truong, Vince J. Wang, Bema K. Bonsu, Jennifer L. Chapman, Nathan Kuppermann. Effect of Antibiotic Pretreatment on Cerebrospinal Fluid Profiles of Children With Bacterial Meningitis. Pediatrics Oct 2008, 122 (4) 726-730. PMID 18829794</ref>


CT findings that prohibit LP
==Complications==
*[[Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache]]
*[[Spinal epidural hematoma]]


A. Midline shift
==See Also==
 
*[[Meningitis]]
* Look for unequal pressures between the 3 cerebral compartments (left/right supretentorial compartments, posterior fossa)
*[[CT Before Lumbar Puncture]]
* Look for intracerebral masses not causing midline shift
*[[Procedure sample documentation]]
B. Obsutrictive hydrocephalus
 
* Look for enlargement of ventricles prox to lesions and normal ventricles distal (especially 4th ventricle)
C. Basilar cisterns compressed
 
* Look for lateral/3rd ventricles may be small due to diffuse cerebral edema or enlarged due to obstr. hydroceph. +/- shift
D. Posterior fossa mass
 
* Look for displacement/compression of 4th ventricle
 
Consider contrast CT/MRI
 
 
(source: Emergency Radiology: Case Studies Schwartz)
 
 
CT Head indicated before LP in pts with suspected meningitis with:
 
1) AMS
 
2) Focal Neurologic deficit
 
3) Papilledema
 
4) Head Trauma or h/o CNS disease (recent or remote)
 
5) New Onset Sz (<1 wk prior to ED visit)
 
6) HIV + / AIDS or any immunocompromised (transplant pt, steroids, cancer) patient
 
7) Age > 60.
 
-Hasbun, R. et al, (Yale), NEJM, Dec 13, 2001. (prospective, 301 pts)
 
 
PEDIATRICS (Marianne)
 
1) VP shunt
 
2) Febrile sx ?counts
 
 
NORMAL WBC
 
Preterm: <25
 
Term: <22
 
Child: <7
 
 
*May also order: cytology, VDRL, AFB stain/culture (often requires lab medicine approval), fungal stain (fungal cultures often require lab medicine approval), Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg), India Ink, oligoclonal bands, MBP, Lyme titers, HSV PCR.
 
 
NORMAL
 
Appearance Clear
 
Glucose (mg/dl) 50-75% serum
 
Protein (mg/dl) 15-45
 
Cell Count WBC 0-5
 
Differential 100% lymph, no PMN
 
Pressure (cm H2O) 5-20
 
 
Traumatic LP:
 
1000 RBC for 1mg/dL protein
 
700 -1000 RBC gives 1 WBC
 
Xanthrochromia tube 4; results from RBC lysis and hemoglobin breakdown.
 
 
HEMORRHAGE
 
Appearance Bloody or xantho
 
Glucose (mg/dl) N or D
 
Protein (mg/dl) Inc but <1000
 
Cell Count RBC (<~50 okay)
 
(50-600 = gray zone)
 
(>600 c/w SAH)
 
Differential Same as blood
 
Pressure (cm H2O) Usually Inc
 
 
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
 
Appearance Cloudy or purulent
 
Glucose (mg/dl) <40 or <40% serum
 
Protein (mg/dl) >100-500
 
Cell Count 100-100,000 (>5)
 
Differential >80% PMN
 
Pressure (cm H2O) Usually Inc
 
 
FUNGAL MENINGITiS
 
Appearance Clear or cloudy
 
Glucose (mg/dl) 20-40
 
Protein (mg/dl) 25-500
 
Cell Count 25-1000
 
Differential mono& lymph
 
Pressure (cm H2O) N or I
 
India ink 50% sensitivity
 
LA assay for crypto antigen 80%.
 
 
ASEPTIC/VIRAL MENINGITIS
 
Appearance Clear
 
Glucose (mg/dl) N or D
 
Protein (mg/dl) 50-200
 
Cell Count WBC 10-100
 
Differential Inc mono & PMN early, then lymph.
 
Pressure (cm H2O) N or I
 
 
TB MENINGITIS
 
Appearance Cloudy
 
Glucose (mg/dl) <40
 
Protein (mg/dl) 100-2000
 
Cell Count 50-500
 
Differential Most lymph, some PMN
 
Pressure (cm H2O) Usually I
 
 
HERPES ENCEPHALITIS
 
Appearance Bloody or xantho
 
Glucose (mg/dl) N or D
 
Protein (mg/dl) 50-100
 
Cell Count 20-500
 
Differential Mostly lymph
 
Pressure (cm H2O) N or I
 
 
NEOPLASM
 
Appearance Clear or xantho
 
Glucose (mg/dl) 40-80
 
Protein (mg/dl) 50-1000
 
Cell Count <100
 
Differential Mostly lymph
 
Pressure (cm H2O) Usually I
 
 
GUILLAIN-BARR
 
Appearance Clear or cloudy
 
Glucose (mg/dl) Normal
 
Protein (mg/dl) slight Inc
 
Cell Count <100
 
Differential Mostly lymph
 
Pressure (cm H2O) Normal
 
 
NEUROSYPHILIS
 
Appearance Clear & cloudy
 
Glucose (mg/dl) Normal
 
Protein (mg/dl) 40-200
 
Cell Count 200-500
 
Differential Mostly lymph & mono
 
Pressure (cm H2O) N or I
 
 
Lumbar Puncture Note (LP)
 
Consent
 
Indication
 
Pressure
 
Color
 
Amount
 
Tests
 
Interspace
 
Anesthesia
 
Position
 
Pt. tolerance


==External Links==
*[http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/5048/JRC60004.pdf Straus, S. et al. How Do I Perform a Lumbar Puncture and Analyze the Results to Diagnose Bacterial Meningitis?]


===Videos===
*Adult
**NEJM (10:59)  https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMvcm054952
**Mellick (3:14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grpeEDBMrn8
*Neonatal
**Sachetti (5:44) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvVIhFZeUnY&list=UUHaNQfnfpRdsqMdEBLlFaCw&index=21&feature=plcp


==References==
<references/>


[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:ID]]

Latest revision as of 23:01, 7 June 2023

Overview

Comparison of pediatric and adult spinal cord anatomy.
Anatomic landmarks for lumbar puncture.

Indications

Lateral patient positioning for LP.
Surface markings for lumbar puncture. Blue dots = Iliac crests; line connecting them = intercristal (Tuffier's) line; intersection of the Tuffier's line and lumbar spine midline = L4 spinous process.
Proper needle trajectory: skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space (containing internal vertebral venous plexus), dura, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space

Contraindications

Lumbar puncture if coagulopathic

  • Tranfuse if platelets <25,000[5][6]
  • INR >1.5
  • Hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, other coagulopathies
    • If hemophiliac, replace factor before LP

CT Before Lumbar Puncture

LP without CT is likely safe if:[7]

  • History
    • Age < 60
    • Not immunocompromised
    • No history of CNS disease
    • No seizure within 1 week of presentation
  • Physical Exam

If none of the above, chance of normal ct is 97%; none of the patients herniated

CT findings that prohibit LP:[8]

  • Midline shift
    • Unequal pressures between the 3 cerebral compartments (left/right supretentorial compartments, posterior fossa)
    • Intracerebral masses not causing midline shift
  • Obstructive Hydrocephalus
    • Enlargement of ventricles prox to lesions and normal ventricles distal (especially 4th ventricle)
  • Basilar cisterns compressed
    • Lateral/3rd ventricles may be small due to diffuse cerebral edema or enlarged due to obstr. hydroceph. +/- shift
  • Posterior fossa mass
    • Displacement/compression of 4th ventricle

Procedure

  1. Ultrasound can be used, especially on high BMI patients. Ultrasound videos one, two, and three. Routine use of Ultrasound, however, has not been shown to increase procedural success, use in specific scenarios only[9]
  2. Sterile prep L3-L4 and L4-L5 interspaces; prepare and confirm correct tubes in numerical order
    • U/S can be used to ID interspaces in obese patients increasing your accuracy as much as 2.3 times[10]
    • Aim lower than L4-L5 and no higher in pediatric patients as the conus medullaris ends at L3 at birth[11]
    • Tuffier's line, L5/S1 at iliac crests in the pediatric patient
  3. Positioning
    • Patient on side: able to measure opening pressure
    • Patient sitting: helpful for difficult habitus, but must move patient to measure opening pressure
  4. Needle selection
    • 3.5 in atraumatic 22ga needle is ideal
    • A 2018 meta analysis showed atraumatic needles had a lower incidence of post-LP headache and need for blood patch when compared to sharp needles[12]
    • Needle >20ga almost doubles incidence of post-LP headache
  5. Anesthetize both superficial skin as well as along intended path of LP needle
  6. Insert needle with bevel parallel to spinal canal
  7. Opening pressure should be measured with patient on side with legs extended
  8. Collect 1mL of CSF in each tube

CSF Studies

Standard

  • Tube 1: Cell count and differential
  • Tube 2: Gram stain, bacterial and viral cultures
  • Tube 3: Glucose, protein, protein electrophoresis (if indicated)
  • Tube 4: Second cell count and differential (if indicated) or hold tube
    • Tube 3 or 4 can be used for special tests or additional cultures

Additional

  • Cryptoccal ag
  • India ink
  • AFB PCR
  • RPR, VRDL
  • Fungal cultures
  • viral cultures
  • Herpes PCR
  • LDH
    • >40 suggests bacterial meningitis
    • <40 suggests viral

Evaluation

Measure Normal Bacterial Aseptic (Viral) Fungal Tuberculosis Subarachnoid hemorrhage Neoplastic
Appearance Clear Clear, cloudy, or purulent Clear Clear or opaque Clear or opaque Xanthochromia, bloody, or clear Clear or opaque
Opening Pressure (cm H2O) 10-20 >25 Normal or elevated >25 >25 >25 Normal or elevated
WBC Count^ (cells/µL) 0-5^ >100^ 5-1000 <500 50-500 0-5 (see correction section) <500
% PMNs >80-90% 1-50%^^ 1-50% Early PMN then lymph 1-50%
Glucose >60% of serum glucose Low Normal Low Low Normal Normal
Protein^^^ (mg/dL) < 45 Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated >200
Gram Stain Neg Pos Neg India ink Tb stain Blood
  • ^Normal or lower WBC results may be found in immunocompromised, early, or partially treated (e.g. with oral antibiotics) bacterial menintigis, and those with tuberculosis meningitis
  • ^^Lymph predominance may be found in patients with early bacterial meningitis or those that have been partially treated (e.g. with oral antibiotics)
  • ^^^For unexplained elevations of protein, consider encephalitis, MS, Guillian Barre

Corrections

  • WBC correction (for bloody tap)
    • Simplified version (if peripheral WBC and RBC counts are within normal limits):
      • Subtract 1 WBC for every 750 RBC in CSF
    • Complex version (WBC and/or RBC not within normal limits):
      • "WBCs added" = WBC(blood) x [RBC(CSF) / RBC(blood)]
      • WBC counted/resulted - "WBCs added" = actual WBC
  • Protein correction (for bloody tap)
    • For each 1000 RBC decrease protein value by 1mg/dl

Delay in LP

  • CSF cultures are negative 2 hrs after parenteral antibiotics in meningococcal meningitis, and 6 hrs in pneumococcal meningitis[13][14]
  • 12 hrs after antibiotics: CSF glucose levels increase and protein levels decrease. CSF WBC and neutrophils are not affected[15]

Complications

See Also

External Links

Videos

References

  1. ↑ CDC: Meningitis
  2. ↑ Carley, S. Harrison, M. Timing of lumbar puncture in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Emerg Med J 2005;22:121-122
  3. ↑ Petzold A, Brettschneider J, Jin K, et al. CSF protein biomarkers for proximal axonal damage improve prognostic accuracy in the acute phase of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2009 Jul. 40(1):42-9
  4. ↑ Chern JJ, Tubbs RS, Gordon AS, Donnithorne KJ, Oakes WJ. Management of pediatric patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Jan 19
  5. ↑ Howard SC, Gajjar A, Ribeiro RC, et al. Safety of lumbar puncture for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and thrombocytopenia. JAMA 2000; 284:2222–2224
  6. ↑ Vavricka SR, Walter RB, Irani S, Halter J, Schanz U. Safety of lumbar puncture for adults with acute leukemia and restrictive prophylactic platelet transfusion. Ann Hematol 2003; 82:570–573
  7. ↑ Computed Tomography of the Head before Lumbar Puncture in Adults with Suspected Meningitis. NEJM 2001; 345; 1727-33
  8. ↑ Emergency Radiology: Case Studies Schwartz
  9. ↑ Review: Ultrasound-Assisted Lumbar Puncture (LP) Does Not Increase Procedural Success But Reduces Traumatic LPs Kirschner, J.M., et al, Ann Intern Med 170(2):JC9, January 15, 2019
  10. ↑ Nomura, J, et al. A randomized control study of ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture. J Ultrasound Med. 2007; 26:1341–8.
  11. ↑ Gupta A and Usha U. Spinal anesthesia in children: A review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jan-Mar; 30(1): 10–18.
  12. ↑ Atraumatic Versus Conventional Lumbar Puncture Needles: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Nath, S., et al, Lancet 391(10126):1197, March 24, 2018
  13. ↑ Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS. Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibotic pretreatment. Pediatrics2001;108:1169–74
  14. ↑ Michael B1, Menezes BF, Cunniffe J, Miller A, Kneen R, Francis G, Beeching NJ, Solomon T. Effect of delayed lumbar punctures on the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in adults. Emerg Med J 2010;27:6 433-438. PMID 20360497
  15. ↑ Lise E. Nigrovic, Richard Malley, Charles G. Macias, John T. Kanegaye, Donna M. Moro-Sutherland, Robert D. Schremmer, Sandra H. Schwab, Dewesh Agrawal, Karim M. Mansour, Jonathan E. Bennett, Yiannis L. Katsogridakis, Michael M. Mohseni, Blake Bulloch, Dale W. Steele, Ron L. Kaplan, Martin I. Herman, Subhankar Bandyopadhyay, Peter Dayan, Uyen T. Truong, Vince J. Wang, Bema K. Bonsu, Jennifer L. Chapman, Nathan Kuppermann. Effect of Antibiotic Pretreatment on Cerebrospinal Fluid Profiles of Children With Bacterial Meningitis. Pediatrics Oct 2008, 122 (4) 726-730. PMID 18829794
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