Intranasal sedation: Difference between revisions

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==General Instructions==
==General Instructions==
===Indications===
*Need for pain control when IV or PO routes are unavailable or inappropriate
*Alternative to IM route
===Materials===
===Materials===
#Two syringes: 1 ml or 3 ml
*Syringes (1mL or 3mL)
#Needle to draw up the medication
*Blunt fill needle
#Atomizer
*Atomizer
#Vial of medication
*Medication


===Procedure===
===Procedure===
#Aspirate the proper volume/dose of medication per the weight based dosing protocol
*Load the appropriate volume/dose of medication into the syringe
#Twist off/remove the syringe from the needle/needleless device
*Remove needle and attach atomizer device to syringe
#Attach the atomizer tip via Luer lock mechanism – it twists into place.
*Using your free hand to hold the crown of the head stable, place the tip of the atomizer snugly against the nostril aiming slightly up and outward (towards the top of the ipsilateral ear)
#Using your free hand to hold the crown of the head stable, place the tip of the atomizer snugly against the nostril aiming slightly up and outward (towards the top of the ipsilateral ear).
*Briskly depress the syringe plunger to deliver the medication into the nostril
#Briskly compress the syringe plunger to deliver the medication into the nostril.
*May repeat on opposite nostril if dose volume is too large for one nostril
#Place second device over to the opposite nostril and briskly administer the remaining half of the medication into that nostril.
#Consider using a pulse oximeter for 45-60 minutes following medication delivery due to the rare but possible risk of respiratory depression from an opiate.
 
===Indications===
*Anytime pain control is needed but oral medication is too slow OR IV access not obtainable
*Burn dressing changes
*Re-packing wounds such as abscesses
*Any time you consider an IM shot for pain control (IN works as well or better with faster onset and no pain on delivery)
#Titration of opiates is often needed and very easy and effective – repeat does every 15 minutes until desired effect is obtained.
#Research data now demonstrates IN opiates are as effective as IV, just faster due to no delays in obtaining an IV:


==Delivery Method==
==Delivery Method==
#1/3 to ½ ml per nostril is ideal but you can push up to 1 ml per nostril though some will run off. If you need more than 2 ml total, consider titration with second dose in 5 minutes.
*⅓ to ½ml per nostril is ideal, but can deliver up to 1ml per nostril (expect some fluid to run off). If you need more than 2ml total, consider titration with second dose in 5 minutes
#Consider administering an oral pain medication at the same time as the nasal medication or after about 15 minutes. This way as the effect of the nasal drug wanes, the effect of the oral medication begins to have an effect.
*Consider administering an oral pain medication at the same time as the nasal medication or after about 15 minutes. As the effect of the nasal drug wanes, the oral medication takes effect
#The single biggest reason for failure of intranasal opiates is the clinician gives an in-appropriate dose (i.e. they underdose with an IV dose which tends to be too low).
*The single biggest reason for failure of intranasal opioids is inappropriate dosing (usually underdosing)
Be aware of the “dead space” in your delivery atomizer and add that extra volume to your dose
*Medications get absorbed in the nasal mucosa so inhalation is not needed and my cause deposit in the nasal pharynx
You should draw up the additional appropriate dead space of the delivery device you choose. In this table the 0.1 ml represents a typical dead space in a 1 ml syringe connected to a syringe driven atomizer.


-If the volume exceeds 1 ml you might want to consider delivering as two separate doses 5 minutes apart**
Volumes in this range should definitely be divided in half and administered 5 minutes apart to reduce runoff
==Intranasal Medications==
==Intranasal Medications==
===Intranasal Fentanyl===
===Intranasal [[Fentanyl]]===
#Reasonable IN starting dose for painful procedures:
*[[Fentanyl]]: 1-2 mcg/kg (comes in 50 ug/ml) (best for children)<ref> Saunders M, Adelgais K, Nelson D. Use of intranasal fentanyl for the relief of pediatric orthopedic trauma pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Nov;17(11):1155-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00905.x. </ref>
##Fentanyl: 2 mcg/kg (comes in 50 ug/ml) (best for children)
*Be wary of respiratory depression
#Be Wary of respiratory depression
**Monitor patients with pulse oximetry and close observation
##Monitor patients with pulse oximetry and close observation
*Titration to pain is often necessary
#Titration to pain is often necessary
**Repeat dosing (1/2 to full dose) every 15 minutes until desired effect is achieved
##Repeat dosing (1/2 to full dose) every 15 minutes until desired effect is achieved
*Be aware of dead space in delivery device
#Be aware of dead space in delivery device
**Failure to account for the device dead space may lead to under-dosing of these highly concentrated drugs.
##Failure to account for the device dead space may lead to under-dosing of these highly concentrated drugs.
 
===Intranasal [[Benzodiazepines]]===
*[[Midazolam]] 0.3 to 0.5mg/kg (maximum = 10mg) <ref> Chiaretti A, Barone G, Rigante D, Ruggiero A, Pierri F, Barbi E, Barone G, Riccardi R. Intranasal lidocaine and midazolam for procedural sedation in children. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Feb;96(2):160-3. doi: 10.1136/adc.2010.188433. Epub 2010 Oct 27. </ref> <ref> Shavit I, Feraru L, Miron D, Weiser G. Midazolam for urethral catheterisation in female infants with suspected urinary tract infection: a case-control study. Emerg Med J. 2014 Apr;31(4):278-80. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-202088. Epub 2013 Feb 22. </ref>
**Use the lower dose for minor, non-painful procedures such as radiographic imaging
**Use the higher dose for better sedation prior to procedures such as laceration repair
**Results in mild somnolence with resultant reduction in anxiety and probably amnesia
**Be aware that midazolam causes some nasal burning benzyl alcohol preservative) for 30-45 seconds when administered.
**In small children; lidocaine 2% or 4%: 0.2ml per nostril 5 minutes prior to the midazolam to stop the burning
**Use only concentrated midazolam (5mg/ml) formulation
 
===Intranasal [[Ketamine]]===
*[[Ketamine]] 3 to 9mg/kg (no routine recommendation yet)
**[[Ketamine]] may result in deeper sedation and is dose dependent, utilize the initial dose at 6mg/kg and repeated doses at 3mg/kg until desired sedation is achieved.
**Be aware that ketamine causes a bitter taste (lyophilized) when administered
**Behavioral changes (nightmares, enuresis nocturna, and irritability) in children less than five (unable to understand reasons for experience)
**Use only concentrated ketamine (100mg/ml) formulation
**Ideal volume is 0.3 to 0.5 ml per nostril, maximum is 1ml per nostril, and more will just run out nose. If you need more – titrate to effect
*[[Ketamine]] 1mg/kg may be used for pain control (not procedural sedation) <ref> Graudins A, Meek R, Egerton-Warburton D, Oakley E, Seith R. The PICHFORK (Pain in Children Fentanyl or Ketamine) trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal ketamine and fentanyl for the relief of moderate to severe pain in children with limb injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;65(3):248-254.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.09.024. Epub 2014 Nov 18. </ref>
**Good adjunct to opioids or as an opioid-sparing agent


===Intranasal Benzodiazepines or [[Ketamine]]===
===Intranasal [[Dexmedetomidine]]===
Midazolam and ketamine are the most commonly used sedative medications for IN delivery.
*[[Dexmedetomidine]] 1-2 μg/kg
#Reasonable IN starting dose:
**Provides procedural analgesia and anxiolysis
##Midazolam 0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg (maximum = 10mg)
**Currently unavailable in most EDs
###Use the lower dose for minor, non-painful procedures such as radiographic imaging
###Use the higher dose for better sedation prior to procedures such as laceration repair
##Midazolam results in mild somnolence with resultant reduction in anxiety and probably amnesia.  It will not make the patient unconscious. 
###Be aware that midazolam causes some nasal burning benzyl alcohol preservative) for 30-45 seconds when administered.
###In small children; lidocaine 2% or 4%: 0.2 ml per nostril 5 minutes prior to the midazolam to stop the burning
###Use only concentrated midazolam (5 mg/ml) formulation
#Reasonable IN starting dose:
##[[Ketamine]] 3 to 6 mg/kg
###[[Ketamine]] may result in deeper sedation and is dose dependent, utilize the initial dose at 6mg/kg and repeated doses at 3mg/kg until desired sedation is achieved.
###Be aware that ketamine causes a bitter taste (lyophilized) when administered
###Behavioral changes (nightmares, enuresis nocturna, and irritability) in children less than five (unable to understand reasons for experience)
###Use only concentrated ketamine (100 mg/ml) formulation
###Ideal volume is 0.3 to 0.5 ml per nostril, maximum is 1 ml per nostril, and more will just run out nose. If you need more – titrate to effect


==See Also==
==See Also==
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*[[Procedural Sedation (Peds)]]
*[[Procedural Sedation (Peds)]]


[[Category:Peds]]
==External Links==
*[http://pemplaybook.org/podcast/intranasal-medications-and-you/ Pediatric Emergency Playbook Podcast: Intranasal Medications and You]
**[http://traffic.libsyn.com/pemplaybook/Intranasal_Medications.mp3  Intranasal Medications and You (mp3 only)]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Airway/Resus]]
[[Category:EMS]]
[[Category:EMS]]

Revision as of 08:11, 24 December 2016

General Instructions

Indications

  • Need for pain control when IV or PO routes are unavailable or inappropriate
  • Alternative to IM route

Materials

  • Syringes (1mL or 3mL)
  • Blunt fill needle
  • Atomizer
  • Medication

Procedure

  • Load the appropriate volume/dose of medication into the syringe
  • Remove needle and attach atomizer device to syringe
  • Using your free hand to hold the crown of the head stable, place the tip of the atomizer snugly against the nostril aiming slightly up and outward (towards the top of the ipsilateral ear)
  • Briskly depress the syringe plunger to deliver the medication into the nostril
  • May repeat on opposite nostril if dose volume is too large for one nostril

Delivery Method

  • ⅓ to ½ml per nostril is ideal, but can deliver up to 1ml per nostril (expect some fluid to run off). If you need more than 2ml total, consider titration with second dose in 5 minutes
  • Consider administering an oral pain medication at the same time as the nasal medication or after about 15 minutes. As the effect of the nasal drug wanes, the oral medication takes effect
  • The single biggest reason for failure of intranasal opioids is inappropriate dosing (usually underdosing)
  • Medications get absorbed in the nasal mucosa so inhalation is not needed and my cause deposit in the nasal pharynx

Intranasal Medications

Intranasal Fentanyl

  • Fentanyl: 1-2 mcg/kg (comes in 50 ug/ml) (best for children)[1]
  • Be wary of respiratory depression
    • Monitor patients with pulse oximetry and close observation
  • Titration to pain is often necessary
    • Repeat dosing (1/2 to full dose) every 15 minutes until desired effect is achieved
  • Be aware of dead space in delivery device
    • Failure to account for the device dead space may lead to under-dosing of these highly concentrated drugs.

Intranasal Benzodiazepines

  • Midazolam 0.3 to 0.5mg/kg (maximum = 10mg) [2] [3]
    • Use the lower dose for minor, non-painful procedures such as radiographic imaging
    • Use the higher dose for better sedation prior to procedures such as laceration repair
    • Results in mild somnolence with resultant reduction in anxiety and probably amnesia
    • Be aware that midazolam causes some nasal burning benzyl alcohol preservative) for 30-45 seconds when administered.
    • In small children; lidocaine 2% or 4%: 0.2ml per nostril 5 minutes prior to the midazolam to stop the burning
    • Use only concentrated midazolam (5mg/ml) formulation

Intranasal Ketamine

  • Ketamine 3 to 9mg/kg (no routine recommendation yet)
    • Ketamine may result in deeper sedation and is dose dependent, utilize the initial dose at 6mg/kg and repeated doses at 3mg/kg until desired sedation is achieved.
    • Be aware that ketamine causes a bitter taste (lyophilized) when administered
    • Behavioral changes (nightmares, enuresis nocturna, and irritability) in children less than five (unable to understand reasons for experience)
    • Use only concentrated ketamine (100mg/ml) formulation
    • Ideal volume is 0.3 to 0.5 ml per nostril, maximum is 1ml per nostril, and more will just run out nose. If you need more – titrate to effect
  • Ketamine 1mg/kg may be used for pain control (not procedural sedation) [4]
    • Good adjunct to opioids or as an opioid-sparing agent

Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

  • Dexmedetomidine 1-2 μg/kg
    • Provides procedural analgesia and anxiolysis
    • Currently unavailable in most EDs

See Also

External Links

References

  1. Saunders M, Adelgais K, Nelson D. Use of intranasal fentanyl for the relief of pediatric orthopedic trauma pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Nov;17(11):1155-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00905.x.
  2. Chiaretti A, Barone G, Rigante D, Ruggiero A, Pierri F, Barbi E, Barone G, Riccardi R. Intranasal lidocaine and midazolam for procedural sedation in children. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Feb;96(2):160-3. doi: 10.1136/adc.2010.188433. Epub 2010 Oct 27.
  3. Shavit I, Feraru L, Miron D, Weiser G. Midazolam for urethral catheterisation in female infants with suspected urinary tract infection: a case-control study. Emerg Med J. 2014 Apr;31(4):278-80. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-202088. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
  4. Graudins A, Meek R, Egerton-Warburton D, Oakley E, Seith R. The PICHFORK (Pain in Children Fentanyl or Ketamine) trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal ketamine and fentanyl for the relief of moderate to severe pain in children with limb injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;65(3):248-254.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.09.024. Epub 2014 Nov 18.