Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Abbreviation: HUS
*Similar to [[TTP]] (which is more common in adults), but associated with less central nervous system and more renal involvement.
*Similar to [[TTP]] (which is more common in adults), but associated with less central nervous system and more renal involvement.
*Most cases occur in children <10yr (⅔ of cases in < 5yr)
*Most cases occur in children <10yr (⅔ of cases in < 5yr)
*Most cases due to E. coli O157:H7 infection
*80-90% cases due to [[E. coli]] O157:H7 infection
*Shiga toxin may induce autoantibody to CD36 (found on endothelial cells and platelets)
*Shiga toxin may induce autoantibody to CD36 (found on endothelial cells and platelets)
*May also be caused by shigella, yersinia, campylobacter, salmonella
*May also be caused by [[shigella]], [[yersinia]], [[campylobacter]], [[salmonella]]
===Types===
===Types===
#Typical
#Typical
#*Occurs 2-14d after development of infectious diarrhea (bloody, no fever)
#*Occurs 2-14d after development of infectious [[diarrhea]] (bloody, no fever)
#Atypical
#Atypical
#*Occurs in older children and adults
#*Occurs in older children and adults
#*Extrarenal involvement is common (difficult to distinguish from TTP)
#*Extrarenal involvement is common (difficult to distinguish from [[TTP]])
#*May be caused by atypical pathogens (EBV, S. pneumo) or immunosuppression
#*May be caused by atypical pathogens ([[EBV]], [[S. pneumo]]) or immunosuppression


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
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===Other Associated Conditions===
===Other Associated Conditions===
#Enteritis
*Enteritis
#N/V, diarrhea (usually bloody), +/- fever
*[[Nausea/vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] (usually bloody), +/- [[fever]]
#Hyperglycemia
*[[Hyperglycemia]]
#Pancreatic beta-cell dealth due to microthrombi within pancreas
**Pancreatic beta-cell death due to microthrombi within pancreas


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#[[Gastroenteritis]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]
#[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
#Colitis
*[[Colitis]]
#[[Intussusception]]
*[[Intussusception]]
#IBD
*[[IBD]]
#Perforation
*Perforation
#[[DIC]]
*[[SLE]]
#[[TTP]]
#[[SLE]]


==Work-Up==
{{Glomerulonephritis causes}}
 
{{Hemolytic anemia DDX}}
 
{{Thrombocytopenia}}
 
==Evaluation==
*CBC
*CBC
**Checking for Schistocytes and Thrombocytopenia
**[[Anemia]]
**[[Thrombocytopenia]]
**Peripheral smear checking for schistocytes, burr cells, helmet cells, spherocytes and segmented red blood cells
*LDH (elevated)
*Haptoglobin (decreased)
*Reticulocyte count (appropriate)
*PT/PTT/INR (normal; differentiates from [[DIC]])
*Stool tests
*Stool tests
**Shiga toxin, E. coli O157:H7 test
**Shiga toxin, E. coli O157:H7 test
*UA
*[[Urinalysis]]
**Hematuria, casts
**[[Hematuria (peds)|Hematuria]], casts
*LFT
*[[LFTs]]
**Increased bilirubin
**Increased bilirubin
*Chemistry
*Chemistry
**Creatinine, hyperkalemia (renal failure)
**Creatinine elevation, [[hyperkalemia]] ([[renal failure]])


==Treatment==
==Management==
#'''Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)'''
*[[IVF|Fluid resuscitation]]
#'''Transfusion of RBCs''' (only severe bleeding)
*[[Insulin]] therapy if hyperglycemic and ketones (pancreatic insufficiency complication)
#*Generally only indicated if plasma exchange cannot be performed immediately  
*[[Antihypertensives]]
#'''Platelet Transfusion is AVOIDED'''
**[[Nifedipine]]ER (0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day oral)
#*Only used for life-threatening bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage under guidance from hematologist
**[[Labetalol]] 1-3 mg/kg/day, divided into twice daily dosing (12 mg/kg/day up to 1200 mg/day)
#*Platelet infusion may lead to acutely worsened thrombosis, renal failure, and death
**[[Nitroprusside]] 0.3-0.5 ug/kg/min IV (max 10 ug/kg/min)
#'''Hemodialysis'''
*[[Plasma exchange]] (plasmapheresis)
#*Often needed for renal failure and hyperkalemia treatment
**Usually performed if anuria or neurologic sequela
#'''AVOID Antibiotics'''
*[[Eculizumab]]
#*May lead to worsening lysis of bacteria and further toxin release
**Monoclonal anti-C5 antibody that interrupts complement cascade
#'''AVOID Antimotility agents'''
*Transfusion of RBCs(only severe bleeding)
#*Leads to prolonged gut exposure to toxins
**Generally only indicated if plasma exchange cannot be performed immediately  
*[[Platelet transfusion]] is AVOIDED
**Only used for life-threatening bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage under guidance from hematologist
**Platelet infusion may lead to acutely worsened thrombosis, renal failure, and death
*[[Hemodialysis/Hemoperfusion]]
**Often needed for renal failure and hyperkalemia treatment
*AVOID Antibiotics
**May lead to worsening lysis of bacteria and further shiga toxin release
*AVOID Antimotility agents
**Leads to prolonged gut exposure to toxins
**Risk of [[toxic megacolon]]


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
*Admit
*Admit


==Source==
==See Also==
*[[TTP]]
 
==References==
*Corrigan J. Boineau FG. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Rev. Nov 2001;22(11):365-9
*Corrigan J. Boineau FG. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Rev. Nov 2001;22(11):365-9
*George J.  Clinical practice. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1927
*George J.  Clinical practice. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1927


[[Category:Peds]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]][[Category:Heme/Onc]]

Revision as of 00:44, 15 September 2019

Background

  • Abbreviation: HUS
  • Similar to TTP (which is more common in adults), but associated with less central nervous system and more renal involvement.
  • Most cases occur in children <10yr (⅔ of cases in < 5yr)
  • 80-90% cases due to E. coli O157:H7 infection
  • Shiga toxin may induce autoantibody to CD36 (found on endothelial cells and platelets)
  • May also be caused by shigella, yersinia, campylobacter, salmonella

Types

  1. Typical
    • Occurs 2-14d after development of infectious diarrhea (bloody, no fever)
  2. Atypical
    • Occurs in older children and adults
    • Extrarenal involvement is common (difficult to distinguish from TTP)
    • May be caused by atypical pathogens (EBV, S. pneumo) or immunosuppression

Clinical Features

Triad

  1. Acute renal failure
  2. Thrombocytopenia
  3. Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)

Other Associated Conditions

Differential Diagnosis

Causes of Glomerulonephritis

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)

Thrombocytopenia

Decreased production

Increased platelet destruction or use

Drug Induced

Comparison by Etiology

ITP TTP HUS HIT DIC
↓ PLT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
↑PT/INR No No No +/- Yes
MAHA No Yes Yes No Yes
↓ Fibrinogen No No No No Yes
Ok to give PLT Yes No No No Yes

Evaluation

  • CBC
    • Anemia
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Peripheral smear checking for schistocytes, burr cells, helmet cells, spherocytes and segmented red blood cells
  • LDH (elevated)
  • Haptoglobin (decreased)
  • Reticulocyte count (appropriate)
  • PT/PTT/INR (normal; differentiates from DIC)
  • Stool tests
    • Shiga toxin, E. coli O157:H7 test
  • Urinalysis
  • LFTs
    • Increased bilirubin
  • Chemistry

Management

  • Fluid resuscitation
  • Insulin therapy if hyperglycemic and ketones (pancreatic insufficiency complication)
  • Antihypertensives
    • NifedipineER (0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day oral)
    • Labetalol 1-3 mg/kg/day, divided into twice daily dosing (12 mg/kg/day up to 1200 mg/day)
    • Nitroprusside 0.3-0.5 ug/kg/min IV (max 10 ug/kg/min)
  • Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
    • Usually performed if anuria or neurologic sequela
  • Eculizumab
    • Monoclonal anti-C5 antibody that interrupts complement cascade
  • Transfusion of RBCs(only severe bleeding)
    • Generally only indicated if plasma exchange cannot be performed immediately
  • Platelet transfusion is AVOIDED
    • Only used for life-threatening bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage under guidance from hematologist
    • Platelet infusion may lead to acutely worsened thrombosis, renal failure, and death
  • Hemodialysis/Hemoperfusion
    • Often needed for renal failure and hyperkalemia treatment
  • AVOID Antibiotics
    • May lead to worsening lysis of bacteria and further shiga toxin release
  • AVOID Antimotility agents

Disposition

  • Admit

See Also

References

  • Corrigan J. Boineau FG. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatr Rev. Nov 2001;22(11):365-9
  • George J. Clinical practice. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1927