HIV - AIDS (main): Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* In HIV+ patient presenting to ED, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) can be used as surrogate for CD4 count <ref> Napoli AM, Fischer CM, Pines JM, Soe-lin H, Goyal M, Milzman D. Absolute | *In HIV+ patient presenting to ED, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) can be used as surrogate for CD4 count <ref> Napoli AM, Fischer CM, Pines JM, Soe-lin H, Goyal M, Milzman D. Absolute | ||
lymphocyte count in the emergency department predicts a low CD4 count in admitted | lymphocyte count in the emergency department predicts a low CD4 count in admitted HIV-positive patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Apr;18(4):385-9. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01031.x. Erratum in: Acad Emerg Med. 2011 May;18(5):565.</ref> | ||
HIV-positive patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Apr;18(4):385-9. doi: | **A CD4 count of <200 is very likely if the ED ALC is <950 and less likely if the ALC is >1700 | ||
10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01031.x. Erratum in: Acad Emerg Med. 2011 May;18(5):565. </ref> | **ALC is useful to confirm, but not exclude a low CD4 | ||
* A CD4 count of <200 is very likely if the ED ALC is <950 and less likely if the ALC is >1700 | *Approximately 1.2 million people in the US are living with HIV <ref name="HIV">CDC. Monitoring Selected National HIV Prevention and Care Objectives by Using HIV Surveillance Data. HIV Surveillance Report. 2015; 20(2):1-70.</ref> | ||
* ALC is useful to confirm, but not exclude a low CD4 | **13% of people with HIV in US aren't aware <ref name="HIV"></ref> | ||
**Most affected: homosexual & bisexual men, particularly African American <ref name="HIV"></ref> | |||
{{HIV CD4 Chart}} | {{HIV CD4 Chart}} | ||
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==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
===Acute Infection=== | ===Acute Infection=== | ||
*Misdiagnosed frequently as " | *Misdiagnosed frequently as "mononucleosis" or "flu" | ||
*Largest viral load, widespread dissemination of virus, and most infectious stage<ref>Serrano KD, Westergaard RP. Diagnosis and management of acute HIV in the emergency department. EM Reports, 2012:33;16.</ref> | |||
*Symptoms develop 2-4wks after exposure; last for <14d | *Symptoms develop 2-4wks after exposure; last for <14d | ||
**[[Fever]] (>90%) | **[[Fever]] (>90%) | ||
**Fatigue (70-90%) | **Fatigue (70-90%) | ||
**[[Pharyngitis]] (>70%) | **[[Pharyngitis]] (>70%) | ||
**Rash (40-80%) | **Rash (40-80%) - [[Pruritic papular eruption of HIV]] | ||
**Headache (30-70%) | **[[Headache]] (30-70%) | ||
**[[Lymphadenopathy]] (40-70%) | **[[Lymphadenopathy]] (40-70%) | ||
===Seroconversion=== | ===Seroconversion=== | ||
*HIV Ab detectable 3-8wk after infection | *HIV Ab detectable 3-8wk after infection | ||
*If negative Ab test but high suspicion, can HIV viral load. | |||
===Asymptomatic=== | ===Asymptomatic=== | ||
*Lasts for ~8yr | *Lasts for ~8yr | ||
* | *Patients may have conditions that are more common in patients with HIV but no indicator conditions | ||
**Thrush | **[[Thrush]] | ||
**Persistent | **Persistent [[Candidiasis|candidia vaginitis]] | ||
**Peripheral neuropathy | **Peripheral neuropathy | ||
**Cervical dysplasia | **Cervical dysplasia | ||
**Recurrent [[Herpes Zoster]] | **Recurrent [[Herpes Zoster]] | ||
**ITP | **[[ITP]] | ||
===AIDS=== | ===AIDS=== | ||
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**Disseminated [[TB]] | **Disseminated [[TB]] | ||
**Invasive cervical cancer | **Invasive cervical cancer | ||
**Esophageal candidiasis | **[[Esophageal candidiasis]] | ||
**[[Cryptococcosis]] | **[[Cryptococcosis]] | ||
**[[Cryptosporidiosis]] | **[[Cryptosporidiosis]] | ||
**[[CMV Retinitis]] | **[[CMV Retinitis]] | ||
**HSV | **[[HSV]] | ||
**[[Kaposi sarcoma]] | **[[Kaposi sarcoma]] | ||
** | **[[Pruritic papular eruption of HIV]] | ||
**[[Primary CNS lymphoma|Lymphoma]] | |||
**MAC | **MAC | ||
**PCP | **[[PCP pneumonia]] | ||
** | **[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] | ||
**Brain [[Toxoplasmosis]] | **Brain [[Toxoplasmosis]] | ||
**HIV [[Encephalitis]] | **HIV [[Encephalitis]] | ||
**HIV wasting syndrome | **HIV wasting syndrome | ||
**Disseminated histoplasmosis | **Disseminated [[histoplasmosis]] | ||
**Isosporiasis | **Isosporiasis | ||
**Recurrent [[Salmonella]] septicemia | **Recurrent [[Salmonella]] septicemia | ||
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==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
{{HIV associated conditions}} | {{HIV associated conditions}} | ||
==Evaluation== | |||
*Typical lab testing for HIV: | |||
**Screening test: ELISA | |||
**Confirmatory test: Western blot | |||
*Maintain low threshold for additional testing in setting of suspicion of opportunistic infections | |||
*CDC (2006) recommends routine HIV screening in health care settings using an opt-out approach <ref>Branson B, Handsfield H, Lampe M. Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. MMWR. 2006; 55: 1-17.</ref> | |||
**Opt-out screening: performing the test after notifying the patient it will be performed & giving them the option to decline | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
===HAART=== | |||
'''Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy''' | |||
*Reduces progression to AIDS and transmission risk | |||
*CDC Guidelines = all HIV+ individuals should be started on HAART, regardless of CD4 count or viral load<ref>Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines Accessed 03/04/16</ref> | |||
*Typical first line regimens include a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and an integrase inhibitor | |||
**tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) '''PLUS''' raltegravir (Isentress) | |||
**tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) '''PLUS''' dolutegravir (Tivicay) | |||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
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*Cachexia or weakness | *Cachexia or weakness | ||
*Unable to care for self/receive care | *Unable to care for self/receive care | ||
*Unable to assure | *Unable to assure follow up | ||
===Suggested Discharge=== | ===Suggested Discharge=== | ||
*Normal or baseline vitals | *Normal or baseline vitals | ||
*Stable medical condition | *Stable medical condition | ||
*Able to | *Able to tolerate PO | ||
* | *Adequate follow-up | ||
*Able to comply with | *Able to comply with discharge instructions | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[HIV post-exposure prophylaxis]] | *[[HIV post-exposure prophylaxis]] | ||
*[[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]] | *[[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:ID]] | [[Category:ID]] |
Revision as of 08:15, 11 July 2017
Background
- In HIV+ patient presenting to ED, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) can be used as surrogate for CD4 count [1]
- A CD4 count of <200 is very likely if the ED ALC is <950 and less likely if the ALC is >1700
- ALC is useful to confirm, but not exclude a low CD4
- Approximately 1.2 million people in the US are living with HIV [2]
HIV Associated Diseases by CD4 Level
CD4 Count | Stage | Diseases |
>500 | Early disease | Similar to non-immunocompromised patients (Consider HAART medication side-effects) |
200-500 | Intermediate disease | Kaposi's sarcoma, Candida, bacterial respiratory infections |
<200 | Late disease | PCP, central line infection, MAC, TB, CMV, drug fever, sinusitis, endocarditis, lymphoma, histoplasmosis, cryptococcus, PML |
<100 | Very late disease | Cryptococcus, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasmosis |
<50 | Final Stage | CMV retinitis, MAC |
Clinical Features
Acute Infection
- Misdiagnosed frequently as "mononucleosis" or "flu"
- Largest viral load, widespread dissemination of virus, and most infectious stage[3]
- Symptoms develop 2-4wks after exposure; last for <14d
- Fever (>90%)
- Fatigue (70-90%)
- Pharyngitis (>70%)
- Rash (40-80%) - Pruritic papular eruption of HIV
- Headache (30-70%)
- Lymphadenopathy (40-70%)
Seroconversion
- HIV Ab detectable 3-8wk after infection
- If negative Ab test but high suspicion, can HIV viral load.
Asymptomatic
- Lasts for ~8yr
- Patients may have conditions that are more common in patients with HIV but no indicator conditions
- Thrush
- Persistent candidia vaginitis
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Cervical dysplasia
- Recurrent Herpes Zoster
- ITP
AIDS
- Defined as HIV + (indicator condition or CD4 < 200)
- Indicator conditions:
- Pulmonary TB
- Disseminated TB
- Invasive cervical cancer
- Esophageal candidiasis
- Cryptococcosis
- Cryptosporidiosis
- CMV Retinitis
- HSV
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Pruritic papular eruption of HIV
- Lymphoma
- MAC
- PCP pneumonia
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Brain Toxoplasmosis
- HIV Encephalitis
- HIV wasting syndrome
- Disseminated histoplasmosis
- Isosporiasis
- Recurrent Salmonella septicemia
- Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia
Differential Diagnosis
HIV associated conditions
- HIV neurologic complications
- HIV pulmonary complications
- Ophthalmologic complications
- Other
- HAART medication side effects[4]
- HAART-induced lactic acidosis
- Neuropyschiatric effects
- Hepatic toxicity
- Renal toxicity
- Steven-Johnson's
- Cytopenias
- GI symptoms
- Endocrine abnormalities
Evaluation
- Typical lab testing for HIV:
- Screening test: ELISA
- Confirmatory test: Western blot
- Maintain low threshold for additional testing in setting of suspicion of opportunistic infections
- CDC (2006) recommends routine HIV screening in health care settings using an opt-out approach [5]
- Opt-out screening: performing the test after notifying the patient it will be performed & giving them the option to decline
Management
HAART
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
- Reduces progression to AIDS and transmission risk
- CDC Guidelines = all HIV+ individuals should be started on HAART, regardless of CD4 count or viral load[6]
- Typical first line regimens include a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and an integrase inhibitor
- tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) PLUS raltegravir (Isentress)
- tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) PLUS dolutegravir (Tivicay)
Disposition
Suggested Admission
- New presentation of fever of unknown origin
- Hypoxemia worse than baseline or PaO2 <60
- Suspected PCP
- Suspected TB
- New CNS symptoms
- Intractable diarrhea
- Suicidal
- Suspected CMV retinitis
- Ophthalmicus zoster
- Cachexia or weakness
- Unable to care for self/receive care
- Unable to assure follow up
Suggested Discharge
- Normal or baseline vitals
- Stable medical condition
- Able to tolerate PO
- Adequate follow-up
- Able to comply with discharge instructions
See Also
References
- ↑ Napoli AM, Fischer CM, Pines JM, Soe-lin H, Goyal M, Milzman D. Absolute lymphocyte count in the emergency department predicts a low CD4 count in admitted HIV-positive patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Apr;18(4):385-9. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01031.x. Erratum in: Acad Emerg Med. 2011 May;18(5):565.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 CDC. Monitoring Selected National HIV Prevention and Care Objectives by Using HIV Surveillance Data. HIV Surveillance Report. 2015; 20(2):1-70.
- ↑ Serrano KD, Westergaard RP. Diagnosis and management of acute HIV in the emergency department. EM Reports, 2012:33;16.
- ↑ Gutteridge, David L MD, MPH, Egan, Daniel J. MD. The HIV-Infected Adult Patient in The Emergency Department: The Changing Landscape of the Disease. Emergency Medicine Practice: An Evidence-Based Approach to Emergency Medicine. Vol 18, Num 2. Feb 2016.
- ↑ Branson B, Handsfield H, Lampe M. Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. MMWR. 2006; 55: 1-17.
- ↑ Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines Accessed 03/04/16