Dystonic reaction: Difference between revisions

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==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
*History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage
*History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage (e.g. prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)  
*Thorough drug history (prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)  
*Dystonia of any striated muscle group:
 
**Torticollar reaction
#Physical exam is usually normal except for dystonia of any striated muscle group. Some common presentations include:
**Buccolingual reaction  
##Torticollar reaction
**Oculogyric crisis
##Buccolingual reaction  
**Promandibular dystonia
##Oculogyric crisis
**Lingual dystonia
##Promandibular dystonia
**Kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis  
##Lingual dystonia
**Trismus
##Kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis  
**Facial grimacing
##Trismus
**Tortipelvic crisis
##Facial grimacing
##Tortipelvic crisis  


==Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction==
==Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction==

Revision as of 12:29, 24 September 2017

Background

  • Adverse extrapyramidal effect shortly after initiation of new drugs
    • intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary contractions of muscles
  • Rarely life threatening but patient is in distress from pain and discomfort
  • Men > Women

Predisposing Factors

  • Young age
  • Family history of dystonic reaction
  • History of EtOH or drug use
  • Associated with administration of antiemetics or antipsychotic medications
  • 25% of patients treated with Haldol have been known to develop this reaction
  • Reaction usually occurs within 48 hrs of drug treatment but can occur up to 5 days after starting therapy
  • Severity and onset of reaction depends on an individual, no association with dose, drug type, potency of drug, or duration of treatment

Clinical Features

  • History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage (e.g. prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)
  • Dystonia of any striated muscle group:
    • Torticollar reaction
    • Buccolingual reaction
    • Oculogyric crisis
    • Promandibular dystonia
    • Lingual dystonia
    • Kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis
    • Trismus
    • Facial grimacing
    • Tortipelvic crisis

Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction

  • Amitriptyline
  • Amoxaine
  • Azatadine
  • Buproprion
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Chlorprothixene
  • Cimetiddine
  • Cisapride
  • Cocaine
  • Clomipramine
  • Clozapine
  • Cyclizine
  • Dexgtromethorphan
  • Diazepam
  • Diphenhydramine
  • Doxepin
  • Etomidate
  • Fluoxetine
  • Fluphenazine
  • Fluvoxamine
  • Haloperidol
  • Imipramine
  • Ketamine
  • Lozapine
  • Mesoridazine
  • Methohexital
  • Metoclopraminde
  • Olanzpine
  • Paroxetine
  • Perphenazine
  • Phenelzine
  • Pheyntoin
  • Pimozide
  • Prochlorperazine
  • Promazine
  • Promethazine
  • Propofol
  • Quietiapine
  • ranitidine
  • Risperidone
  • Sertraline
  • Thiethylperazine
  • Thiopental
  • Thioridazine
  • Thiothixene
  • Tigabine
  • tranylcypromine
  • Trifluoperazine
  • Triflupromazine

Differential Diagnosis

Jaw Spasms

Evaluation

  • Normally a clinical diagnosis
  • Consider urine toxicology if no offending agent given by history

Management

  • Anticholinergic medication:
    • Diphenhydramine: 50-100mg over 2 minutes
    • Benztropine: 1-2mg in adults over 2 minutes
    • Biperiden
    • Trihexyphenidyl 2mg PO BID
    • IV > IM > PO
    • Symptoms will typically begin resolving in 2-15 minutes but may take up to 90 minutes to completely abate (depends on route in which medication was given)
    • Patients may require more than one dose of IV medication before symptoms resolve completely
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Airway Management
    • Rare, but may be indicated in patients with severe respiratory distress from laryngeal or pharyngeal dystoni

Disposition

  • Stop the offending agent (if antipsychotic, speak with patients psychiatrist before just stopping the medication)
  • Continue to treat with PO anticholinergic to prevent relapse of symptoms
    • Diphenhydramine: 12.5-50mg PO TID-QID
    • Benztropine: 1-2mg PO BID

References

  • Hockberger RS, Richards JR: Thought Disorders; in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 110: p 1460-1466.