Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Difference between revisions
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==Background==
==Background==
#Widespread and inappropriate activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
*Abbreviation = DIC
##Exposure of blood to procoagulants such as tissue factor and cancer procoagulant
*Widespread and inappropriate activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
##Formation of fibrin within the circulation
**Exposure of blood to procoagulants such as tissue factor and cancer procoagulant
##Fibrinolysis
**Formation of fibrin within the circulation
##Depletion of clotting factors
**Fibrinolysis
##End-organ damage
**Depletion of clotting factors
#Chronic DIC occurs when hepatic/bone marrow production balances coag factor consumption
**End-organ damage
*Chronic DIC occurs when hepatic/bone marrow production balances coag factor consumption


==Causes==
===Causes===
#Infection
*[[Sepsis]](most common cause)
##Most common cause of DIC
*Carcinoma
##10%–20% of pts w/ Gram-neg sepsis have DIC
*[[Leukemia]]
###Septic pts more likely to have bleeding than thrombosis
*[[Trauma]]
##More likely to develop in asplenic pts or cirrhosis
*[[Pancreatitis]]
#Carcinoma
**Brain injury, [[crush injury]], [[burns]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[fat embolism]]
##DIC is often chronic and compensated
*[[hepatic failure|Liver disease]]
##Thrombosis is more common than bleeding
*[[Pregnancy]]-related
#Leukemia
**[[Placental Abruption]], [[Amniotic Fluid Embolus]], [[septic abortion]], [[HELLP Syndrome]], [[acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
##More likely to have bleeding than thrombosis
*[[Snake bite]]
#Trauma
*[[ARDS]]
##Brain injury, crush injury, burns, rhabdo, fat embolism
*[[Transfusion reaction]]
#Liver disease
*[[Transplant complications|Transplant rejection]]
##May have chronic compensated DIC; acute DIC may occur in setting of acute liver failure
#Pregnancy
##Abruption, [[Amniotic Fluid Embolus]], septic abortion, HELLP syndrome
#Envenomation
##Rattlesnakes and other vipers
##Bleeding not as serious as expected from lab values
#ARDS
##20% of pts with ARDS develop DIC; 20% of pts with DIC develop ARDS
#Transfusion reactions


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
*In given pt either bleeding or thrombosis will predominate
''[[hemorrhage|Bleeding]] or [[thromboembolism|thrombosis]] can predominate (bleeding is more common ~65%)''
**Bleeding is more common (65% of pts)
*[[Shoc]]k (15%)
***Ranges from petechiae/ecchymosis to life-threatening GI/CNS/pulm bleeding
*[[Acute renal failure]] (25-40%)
***Shock occurs in 15%
*[[hepatic failure|Hepatic dysfunction]] (19%)
**Renal failure (25-40%)
*Respiratory dysfunction (16%)
**Hepatic dysfunction (19%)
*[[Thromboembolism]] (7%)
**Respiratory dysfunction (16%)
*CNS involvement (2%)
**Thromboembolism (7%)
*[[Purpura fulminans]] (widespread arterial and venous thromboses)
**CNS involvement (2%)
**Associated with significant [[bacteremia]]
**Purpura fulminans (widespread arterial and venous thromboses)
***Associated w/ significant bacteremia


==Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Acute DIC
{{Hemolytic anemia DDX}}
##Platlets
{{Thrombocytopenia}}
###Low (or dropping)
{{Increased bleeding DDX}}
###Sn, not Sp
{{Bullous rashes DDX}}
##PT
 
###Prolonged
==Evaluation==
##Fibrinogen
===Acute===
###Low
*Platelets<ref>Spero JA, Lewis JH, Hasiba U. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Findings in 346 patients. Thromb Haemost. 1980 Feb 29. 43(1):28-33.</ref>
###<100 correlates w/ severe DIC
**[[thrombocytopenia|Low]] (or dropping) in 98% of DIC patients
###May be normal (acute phase reactant)
**Sn, not Sp
##PTT
**Repeat platelets may be necessary if first level normal or if need to trend
###Prolonged
*PT and PTT
##FDP
**[[coagulopathy|Prolonged]]
###Elevated
**May be normal in as many as 50% of DIC patients<ref>Olson JD, Kaufman HH, Moake J, O'Gorman TW, Hoots K, Wagner K, et al. The incidence and significance of hemostatic abnormalities in patients with head injuries. Neurosurgery. 1989 Jun. 24(6):825-32.</ref>
##D-dimer
**Serial coagulation testing may be necessary
###Elevated
**PT, not INR, is used for monitoring<ref>Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2009 Apr. 145(1):24-33.</ref>
###Sn but not Sp: may also see in pts w/ chronic liver or renal disease
*Fibrinogen
##RBCs
**Low
###Fragmented (not specific)
**<100 correlates with severe DIC
#Chronic DIC
**May be normal (acute phase reactant), up to 57% in  DIC patients<ref>Spero JA, Lewis JH, Hasiba U. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Findings in 346 patients. Thromb Haemost. 1980 Feb 29. 43(1):28-33.</ref>
##FDP: Elevated
*FDP
##D-dimer: Elevated
**Elevated
##Platelet: Variable
*[[D-dimer]]
##Fibrinogen: Normal-elevated
**Elevated
##PT: Normal
**Sn but not Sp: may also see in patients with chronic liver or renal disease
##PTT: Normal
**Combination of elevated FDP and d-dimer may increase sensitivity and specificity
##RBCs
*RBCs
###Fragmented
**Fragmented (not specific)


==DDX==
===Chronic===
#[[TTP]]-[[HUS]]
*FDP: Elevated
##Pts usually have little or no prolongation of PT or PTT
*[[D-dimer]]: Elevated
#Severe liver disease
*Platelet: Variable
##Also a/w prolonged PT/PTT, thrombocytopenia, incr D-dimer, incr FDPs
*Fibrinogen: Normal-elevated
###However, D-dimer is usually only mildly elevated
*PT: Normal
#Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
*PTT: Normal
*RBCs
**Fragmented


{{Thrombocytopenia}}
==Management==
*Treat underlying illness
*Replacement treatment
**Only indicated in with documented DIC + bleeding or impending procedure
***Fibrinogen
****Consider repletion with [[cryoprecipitate]] to raise level to 100-150
***[[Platelets]]
****Consider repletion if <50K with bleeding or <20K without bleeding
***[[FFP]]
****Consider repletion to goal of PT and PTT < 1.5 times the normal limit
***[[Vitamin K]]
***[[Folate]]
**[[Heparin]]
***Consider only if thromboembolic are predominant symptoms from chronic DIC


==Treatment==
==Disposition==
#Treat underlying illness
*Admit
#Replacement tx
##Only indicated in pts w/ documented DIC + bleeding or impending procedure
###Fibrinogen
####Consider repletion w/ cryoprecipitate to raise level to 100-150
###Platelets
####Consider repletion if <50K w/ bleeding or <20K without bleeding
###FFP
###Vitamin K
###Folate
##Heparin
###Consider only in pts w/ thromboembolic predominant symptoms from chronic DIC


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Coagulopathy (Main)]]
*[[Coagulopathy (Main)]]


==Source ==
==References==
Tintinalli
<references/>
 
[[Category:Heme/Onc]]
[[Category:Heme/Onc]]

Latest revision as of 00:24, 1 October 2019

Background

  • Abbreviation = DIC
  • Widespread and inappropriate activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
    • Exposure of blood to procoagulants such as tissue factor and cancer procoagulant
    • Formation of fibrin within the circulation
    • Fibrinolysis
    • Depletion of clotting factors
    • End-organ damage
  • Chronic DIC occurs when hepatic/bone marrow production balances coag factor consumption

Causes

Clinical Features

Bleeding or thrombosis can predominate (bleeding is more common ~65%)

Differential Diagnosis

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)

Thrombocytopenia

Decreased production

Increased platelet destruction or use

Drug Induced

Comparison by Etiology

ITP TTP HUS HIT DIC
↓ PLT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
↑PT/INR No No No +/- Yes
MAHA No Yes Yes No Yes
↓ Fibrinogen No No No No Yes
Ok to give PLT Yes No No No Yes

Coagulopathy

Platelet Related

Factor Related

Vesiculobullous rashes

Febrile

Afebrile

Evaluation

Acute

  • Platelets[1]
    • Low (or dropping) in 98% of DIC patients
    • Sn, not Sp
    • Repeat platelets may be necessary if first level normal or if need to trend
  • PT and PTT
    • Prolonged
    • May be normal in as many as 50% of DIC patients[2]
    • Serial coagulation testing may be necessary
    • PT, not INR, is used for monitoring[3]
  • Fibrinogen
    • Low
    • <100 correlates with severe DIC
    • May be normal (acute phase reactant), up to 57% in DIC patients[4]
  • FDP
    • Elevated
  • D-dimer
    • Elevated
    • Sn but not Sp: may also see in patients with chronic liver or renal disease
    • Combination of elevated FDP and d-dimer may increase sensitivity and specificity
  • RBCs
    • Fragmented (not specific)

Chronic

  • FDP: Elevated
  • D-dimer: Elevated
  • Platelet: Variable
  • Fibrinogen: Normal-elevated
  • PT: Normal
  • PTT: Normal
  • RBCs
    • Fragmented

Management

  • Treat underlying illness
  • Replacement treatment
    • Only indicated in with documented DIC + bleeding or impending procedure
      • Fibrinogen
      • Platelets
        • Consider repletion if <50K with bleeding or <20K without bleeding
      • FFP
        • Consider repletion to goal of PT and PTT < 1.5 times the normal limit
      • Vitamin K
      • Folate
    • Heparin
      • Consider only if thromboembolic are predominant symptoms from chronic DIC

Disposition

  • Admit

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Spero JA, Lewis JH, Hasiba U. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Findings in 346 patients. Thromb Haemost. 1980 Feb 29. 43(1):28-33.
  2. ↑ Olson JD, Kaufman HH, Moake J, O'Gorman TW, Hoots K, Wagner K, et al. The incidence and significance of hemostatic abnormalities in patients with head injuries. Neurosurgery. 1989 Jun. 24(6):825-32.
  3. ↑ Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2009 Apr. 145(1):24-33.
  4. ↑ Spero JA, Lewis JH, Hasiba U. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Findings in 346 patients. Thromb Haemost. 1980 Feb 29. 43(1):28-33.
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