Digoxin toxicity

Background

• Positive inotropic effect
  • Inhibits Na-K pump -> incr extracelluar K, incr intracellular Na -> incr intracellular Ca
• Increases vagal tone
  • Bradyarrhythmias (esp in young)
• Increases automaticity
  • Tachyarrhythmias (esp in elderly)
• Renally cleared
• Hemodialysis does not work
• 1 fab vial binds 0.5mg of digoxin

Risk Factors

• Electrolyte
  • Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, Hypercalcemia
• Hypovolemia
• Cardiac ischemia
• Renal insufficiency
• Hypothyroidism
• Meds
  • CCBs, amiodarone

Clinical Manifestations

Cardiac

• Any type of dysrhythmia is possible except for rapidly conducted atrial arrhythmias
• Most common:
  • PVCs
  • Bradycardia
• Digitalis Effect
  • T wave changes
  • QT interval shortening
  • Scooped ST segments with depression in lateral leads

GI

• Nausea/vomiting
• Abdominal pain

Neuro

• Confusion
• Weakness
• Visual disturbances
  • Yellow halos
  • Scotomas
• Delirium

Work-Up

• Dig level
  • Normal = 0.8-2 ng/mL
    • May have toxicity even with "therapeutic" levels
  • Measure serum level at least 6 hours after acute ingestion, immediately for chronic ingestion
    • If measure before this may be falsely elevated due to incomplete drug distribution
• Chemistry
  • Hyperkalemia level correlates with degree of toxicity
    • Hyperkalemia does not cause death; lowering K+ does not reduce mortality
  • Hypokalemia increases susceptibility in chronic toxicity
  • Hypomagnesemia is common
• Cr/BUN
• Urine output
• ECG (serial)

Treatment

Fab Fragment Therapy

• Indications
  • Severe rhythm disturbances refractory to conventional therapy
  • End-organ dysfunction
  • Hyperkalemia >5 after acute overdose
  • Pacemaker (may mask cardiac dysrhythmia)
  • Consider for:
    • Dig level > 10 in acute ingestion
    • Dig level > 4 in chronic ingestion
    • If adult acutely ingests > 10mg
    • If child acutely ingests > 4mg
• Side effects
  • Allergic reaction
  • Withdrawal of dig effect:
    • CHF, a fib w/ RVR
  • Hypokalemia

• How To Use
  • 1. Neither amount ingested nor digoxin level are known:
    • Adult dose
      • 10 vials over 30 min
    • Peds dose
      • 5 vials over 30 min
    • Peak effect occurs after 90min, initial response after 20min
      • Repeat dose if clinical response is inadequate
  • 2. Amount ingested is known but digoxin level is unknown
  • Step 1: Calculate total body load (TBL)
    • TBL = dose (in mg) ingested
  • Step 2: Calculate number of vials needed
    • Number of vials = TBL X 2 (round up to nearest whole number)
  • 3. Steady state digoxin level is known
  • Number of vials = (dig level(in ng/mL) X pt wt) / 100
  • 4. Chronic toxicity without severe signs
  • Give half the recommended dose
    • Otherwise may unmask the condition for which the pt is taking digoxin

Activated charcoal

• Only an adjunctive tx; NOT an alternative to fab fragment therapy
• Consider only if present within 2 hr of ingestion
• 1g/kg (max 50g)

Rhythm Disturbances

• Bradycardia (symptomatic)
  • Atropine 0.5mg IV
  • Pacing
• Tachyarrhythmias
  • K
  • Mag
  • Lidocaine
  • Phenytoin
  • Cardioversion

Hyperkalemia

• Treat with Fab, not with usual meds. Do not give calcium!
  • Once fab is given hyperkalemia will rapidly correct
    • Aggressive tx with potassium-lowering agents could cause sig hypokalemia following therapy

Hypokalemia

• Treat!

Hypomagnesemia

• Treat

Source

Rosen's, UpToDate