Congestive heart failure

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Background

Classification

  • Systolic: poor contraction (↓EF) and decreased forward flow
  • Diastolic: good contraction (normal EF) but stiff ventricles and poor filling
  • L Sided: LV failure, poor organ perfusion, dyspnea from backup in lung
  • R Sided: peripheral edema, JVD, hepatomegaly
    • Most common cause is L sided failure

NYHA Classes

  1. No symptoms
  2. Symptoms with every day activity
  3. Severely limits activity or symptoms with minimal activity
  4. Symptoms at rest

Etiology

Clinical Features

History & Physical Examination[1]

Different types of presentations:

  1. Hypotensive Heart Failure
  2. Hypertensive Heart Failure
    • Most common, presses rapidly
    • sBP > 140 mmHg, preserved LV function, marked shortness of breath, minimal weight gain, rales, increased HR, pulmonary edema on CXR
  3. Normotensive Heart Failure
    • Develops over days to weeks
    • Weight gain, peripheral edema, less shortness of breath, +/- rales
  4. Acute Pulmonary Edema
    • Severe respiratory distress, relative hypertension, cool dipahoretic skin, +/- rales, JVD (94% specific, 39% sensitive), +/- peripheral edema, S3 (99% specific)

Differential Diagnosis

Causes of CHF Decompensation

Diagnosis

Pitting pedal edema
Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides.
  • CBC (rule out anemia)
  • Chem
  • ECG
  • CXR
    • Cephalization
    • Curly B lines (thick and horizontal)
    • Interstitial edema
    • Pulmonary venous congestion
    • Pleural effusion
    • Alveolar edema
    • Cardiomegaly
  • Troponin/CK
  • Ultrasound

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)[2]

  • Measurement
    • <100 pg/mL: Negative for acute CHF (Sn 90%, NPV 89%)
    • 100-500 pg/mL: Indeterminate (Consider differential diagnosis and pre-test probability)
    • >500 pg/mL: Positive for acute CHF (Sp 87%, PPV 90%)
    • Combination of BNP with clinician judgment 94% sensitive 70% specific (compared to 49% sn and 96% spec clinical judgement alone) [3]

NT-proBNP[4][5][6]

  • <300 pg/mL → CHF unlikely
  • CHF likely in:
    • >450 pg/mL in age < 50 years old
    • >900 pg/mL in 50-75 years old
    • >1800 pg/mL in > 75 years old

Management

Acute Pulmonary Edema and Hypertensive Heart Failure

See Pulmonary Edema or Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema (SCAPE)

Hypotensive Heart Failure

See Cardiogenic Shock

Inotropic Agents

  • Dobutamine generally first line
  • Milrinone if patient on beta-blockers
  • Consider in severe LV dysfunction and low output syndrome
    • Diminished peripheral perfusion and end organ damage
  • Vasodilatory treatment inadequate response or limited by symptomatic hypotension
  • Must have obvious evidence of elevated filling pressures
    • JVD, noncollapsing IVC, etc
  • Inotropes are not indicated in setting of preserved systolic function

Heart Failure Without Pulmonary Edema

Goal in HF mgmt is to reduce preload (EDV) to reach higher SV on Frank Starling curve.

UNLOAD+

  1. Upright Position
  2. Nitrates
    • Do not use with sildenafil, severe AS, or if R sided MI
    • Start sublingual NTG 0.4mg delivered over 5 min = 0.15mg/min
    • If no improvment IV NTG gtt, start 0.3-0.5mcg/kg/min, but may increase to 3-5mcg/kg/min
      • Keep BP >95
    • Consider nitroprusside 0.3 mcg/kg/min if HTN or NTG ineffective
  3. Lasix
    • Hold if no symptoms of fluid overload
    • Give nitrates first
    • Give double home dose, or up to 2.5x dose.
      • If lasix 40mg po qd, then lasix 40-100mg IV
  4. Oxygen
    • CPAP/BiPAP
      • Increases intrathoracic pressure and thus reduces preload
  5. ACEI
    • Afterload reduction
    • Enalaprilat at 0.004mg/kg as IVB or 1mg gtt over 2hr
      • Avoid in pregnancy, hyperK+, angioedema
  6. Digoxin
    • Decompensated HF
      • Digoxin and Amiodarone are the only medications indicated for use in decompensated HF for rate control if needed[7]
      • Evidence suggests that treating rate in acutely ill patients including CHF leads to worse outcomes[8]
    • Compensated HF (not acutely symptomatic from failure)
      • May benefit from a fib rate control, but CCBs and BBs first line, goal of < 85 bpm per RACE II trial
      • Diltiazem low and slow at 5mg/hr
        • AVOID in severe heart failure, preexcitation syndrome
        • AVOID in significant hypotension
      • Metoprolol 2.5 - 5.0mg over 2 min, then q5 as needed to max of 15mg
      • Esmolol 0.5mg/kg bolus over 1 min, then 50 mcg/kg/min, may increase q30 min by 50 mcg/kg/min

Medications to Avoid

  • Anti-dysrhythmics other than digoxin and amiodarone
  • CCBs - worsen HF
  • NSAIDs - sodium retention, worsen toxicity of diuretics and ACE-I
  • Thiazolidinediones - worsen HF

Disposition

Admission Criteria

CCORT

AHCPR '00

  • ACS
  • Pulmonary edema/respiratory distress
  • O2 sat < 90% on room air
  • Severe complicating illness
  • CHF refractory to outpatient therapy
  • Anasarca
  • Symptomatic hypotension or syncope
  • Arrhythmia (e.g. new a. fib)
  • Inadequate outpatient support

CHF Drug Target Doses

  • ACE inhibitor
  • ARB
  • Beta-blocker
    • Carvedilol 3.125mg bid start; 25mg bid goal (50mg bid goal if weight > 85 kg)
    • Metoprolol ER 12.5mg qd start; 190mg qd goal
  • Others
    • Hydralazine/isosorbid dinitrate 10-20mg (1 tab) tid start; 100-80mg (5 tabs) goal for black patients with NYHA III-IV already on BB and ACEi
    • Spironolactone 25mg qd start; 50mg qd goal for indications:
      • LVEF < 30% with NYHA II
      • LVEF < 35% with NYHA III-IV
      • LVEF < 40% post-MI, goal ACE-I, symptomatic CHF, or DM

External Links

See Also

References

  1. Peacock W. Chapter 57: Congestive Heart Failure and Acute Pulmonary Edema. In: Tintinalli J. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine. A comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. 2011: 405-415.
  2. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):161-167. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020233.
  3. McCullough et al. B-Type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from breathing not properly (BNP) multinational study. Circulation. 2002:DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025242.79963.4
  4. Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Feb. 27(3):330-7.
  5. Kragelund C, Gronning B, Kober L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17. 352(7):666-75.
  6. Moe GW, Howlett J, Januzzi JL, Zowall H,. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing improves the management of patients with suspected acute heart failure: primary results of the Canadian prospective randomized multicenter IMPROVE-CHF study. Circulation. 2007 Jun 19. 115(24):3103-10.
  7. January CT, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64(21):2246-2280.
  8. Scheuermeyer FX, et al. Emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and an acute underlying medical illness may not benefit from attempts to control rate or rhythm. Ann Emerg Med. 2015; 65(5):511-522.e2.