Compartment pressure measurement: Difference between revisions
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==Indications== | ==Indications== | ||
{{Compartment Syndrome Indications}} | |||
==Contraindications== | ==Contraindications== | ||
*Avoid areas of cellulitis. | |||
*No absolute contraindications | |||
==Equipment Needed== | ==Equipment Needed== | ||
*All cases | |||
**Chloroprep or other skin prep solution | |||
**[[Lidocaine]] 1% without epi | |||
**5cc syringe | |||
**22g or 25g needle with enough length to reach compartment | |||
*Stryker available | |||
**Stryker Intra-Compartmental Pressure Monitor | |||
**Prefilled syringe with saline | |||
*Arterial line transducer | |||
**Intracompartment needle (simple 18-gauge needle or 18-gauge spinal needle) | |||
**High-pressure tubing | |||
**Pressure transducer with cable | |||
**Pressure monitor/module | |||
**1L NS with pressure bag | |||
**Two 3-way stopcocks | |||
==Procedure== | ==Procedure== | ||
# Contents of the pressure measurement kit | #Contents of the pressure measurement kit | ||
# Remove contents from wrapping | #Remove contents from wrapping | ||
# Attach chamber to the pre-filled saline syringe | #Attach chamber to the pre-filled saline syringe | ||
# Place the aforementioned into the monitor/unit | #Place the aforementioned into the monitor/unit | ||
# Place needle onto chamber | #Place needle onto chamber | ||
# Eject excess air, if present, from syringe | #Eject excess air, if present, from syringe | ||
# Zero the assembled unit at the angle you will be entering compartment | #Zero the assembled unit at the angle you will be entering compartment | ||
# Insert, inject 2-3 drops of saline, and await measurement | ##Determine the appropriate [[Limb Compartments|site of injection]] to measure the desired compartment pressure | ||
#Clean the area with alcohol prep or chlorhexidine. | |||
#Insert, inject 2-3 drops of saline, and await measurement | |||
[[File:Compartment pressure striker steps.jpg|Steps to measure compartment pressure using a striker needle]] | [[File:Compartment pressure striker steps.jpg|Steps to measure compartment pressure using a striker needle]] | ||
== | ===Technique=== | ||
*should be performed within 5cm of fracture site | |||
*anterior compartment | |||
**entry point: 1 cm lateral to anterior border of tibia | |||
**needle should be perpendicular to skin | |||
*deep posterior compartment | |||
**entry point: just posterior to the medial border of tibia | |||
**advance needle perpendicular to skin towards fibula | |||
*lateral compartment | |||
**entry point: just anterior to the posterior border of fibula | |||
*superficial posterior | |||
**entry point: middle of calf | |||
{{Compartment Pressure Interpretation}} | {{Compartment Pressure Interpretation}} | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
*Infection | |||
**Low risk | |||
**Minimized by strict sterile technique | |||
*Pain | |||
**Minimized by local lidocaine infiltration | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[Compartment Syndrome]] | |||
*[[Burns]] | |||
*[[Rhabdomyolysis]] | |||
*[[Fractures (Main)]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
*[http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/compartment_syndrome Wheeles Textbook - Compartment Syndrome] | |||
== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Procedures]][[Category: | [[Category:Procedures]][[Category:Orthopedics]][[Category:Trauma]] |
Revision as of 21:28, 22 October 2019
Indications
Compartment Syndrome Indications
- Consider whenever pain or paresthesia occurs in an extremity after:
- fracture (most common risk factor) - can occur with open fracture
- crush injury
- immobilization
- snake bites
- burns
- prolonged tourniquet application
- fluid extravasation into a limb
- soft tissue infection
- extreme exertion
- Immediate threat is viability of nerve and muscle; later threat is infection, gangrene, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure
Contraindications
- Avoid areas of cellulitis.
- No absolute contraindications
Equipment Needed
- All cases
- Chloroprep or other skin prep solution
- Lidocaine 1% without epi
- 5cc syringe
- 22g or 25g needle with enough length to reach compartment
- Stryker available
- Stryker Intra-Compartmental Pressure Monitor
- Prefilled syringe with saline
- Arterial line transducer
- Intracompartment needle (simple 18-gauge needle or 18-gauge spinal needle)
- High-pressure tubing
- Pressure transducer with cable
- Pressure monitor/module
- 1L NS with pressure bag
- Two 3-way stopcocks
Procedure
- Contents of the pressure measurement kit
- Remove contents from wrapping
- Attach chamber to the pre-filled saline syringe
- Place the aforementioned into the monitor/unit
- Place needle onto chamber
- Eject excess air, if present, from syringe
- Zero the assembled unit at the angle you will be entering compartment
- Determine the appropriate site of injection to measure the desired compartment pressure
- Clean the area with alcohol prep or chlorhexidine.
- Insert, inject 2-3 drops of saline, and await measurement
Technique
- should be performed within 5cm of fracture site
- anterior compartment
- entry point: 1 cm lateral to anterior border of tibia
- needle should be perpendicular to skin
- deep posterior compartment
- entry point: just posterior to the medial border of tibia
- advance needle perpendicular to skin towards fibula
- lateral compartment
- entry point: just anterior to the posterior border of fibula
- superficial posterior
- entry point: middle of calf
Interpretation of Compartment Pressure
- Normal is <10 mm Hg
- Pressures <20 mmHg can be tolerated w/o significant damage
- Exact level of pressure elevation that causes cell death is unclear. It was previously thought pressure >30 mmHg was toxic although the "delta pressure" may be better predictor than absolute pressure
ΔPressure = [Diastolic Pressure] – [Compartment Pressure][1]
- ΔPressure < 30 mm Hg is suggestive of compartment syndrome
Complications
- Infection
- Low risk
- Minimized by strict sterile technique
- Pain
- Minimized by local lidocaine infiltration