Candidiasis: Difference between revisions
No edit summary
 
(17 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Background==  
==Background==  
* Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the ''Candida'' genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year <ref>Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.</ref>
*Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the ''Candida'' genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year <ref>Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.</ref>
* ''Candida'' yeasts (most commonly ''Candida albicans'') are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area
*''Candida'' yeasts (most commonly ''Candida albicans'') are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area
* Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis  <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref>  
*Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis  <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref>  
* Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis  
*Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis  


===Risk Factors===   
===Risk Factors===   
* Skin maceration
*Skin maceration
* Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators  <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref>
*Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators  <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref>
* Broad spectrum antibiotic use
*Broad spectrum antibiotic use
* Diabetes Mellitus
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
* Oral Contraceptive use
*Oral Contraceptive use
* Hematologic Malignancy
*Hematologic Malignancy
* Central Venous Catheters use
*Central Venous Catheters use
* Total Parenteral nutrition use
*Total Parenteral nutrition use
* Neutropenia
*[[Neutropenia]]


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
===Local Candida Infections===
===Local Candida Infections===
*Mouth: [[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]] (thrush) [[File:Oral candidiasis.jpg|thumb|Oral Candidiasis]]
*Mouth: [[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]] (thrush)  
*Esophagus: [[Esophageal candidiasis]] [[File:Oral Candidiasis.jpg|thumb|Esophageal Candidiasis]]
*Esophagus: [[Esophageal candidiasis]]  
*Vulva/vagina: [[Candida vulvovaginitis]] [[File:Candida vaginitis.JPG|thumb|Candida vaginitis]]
*Vulva/vagina: [[Candida vulvovaginitis]]  
*Skin lesions: [[Candida dermatitis]]


'''[[Candida dermatitis]]''' [[File:Diaper dermatitis.png|thumb|Diaper Dermatitis]]
===Systemic===
* Most commonly seen in infants (diaper dermatitis) or intertriginous areas
*hematogenous, central line cathether, intravenous catheter, [[Candiduria|indwelling foley catheter]]: [[Invasive candidiasis]]
* Clinical Features <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref>
** pruritus and erythematous changes in high risk locations: inguinal folds, axilla, scrotum, intergluteal/inframammary/abdominal folds
* Diagnosis
** erythematous, macerated, intertriginous plaques with satellite pustules or papules
** KOH prep or culture of skin scrapings
* Differential Diagnosis
** Tinea cruris
** Atopic Dermatitis
** Contact Dermatitis
* Management <ref name=management>Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:e1.</ref>


** Topical nystatin, ketoconazole, or clotrimazole applied twice per day until resolution
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Oral candidiasis.jpg|[[Oral candidiasis]]
File:Oral Candidiasis.jpg|[[Esophageal candidiasis]]
File:Candida vaginitis.JPG|[[Candida vaginitis]]
File:Diaper dermatitis.png|[[Diaper dermatitis]]
</gallery>


===[[Invasive candidiasis]]===
==Differential Diagnosis==
* Candida is an important nosocomial infection that requires evaluation to identify a source: central line cathether, intravenous catheter, indwelling foley catheter, recent abdominal surgery with anastamotic leak
===Esophageal candidiasis===
* Associated with candidemia with further hematogenous spread to visceral organs (heart, kidney, liver, spleen, eye, brain, skin, joints etc)
*CMV esophagitis
* Clinical Features
*HSV esophagitis
** presence of biofilms on catheter
*[[Diphtheria]] (C. diptheriae)
** fever and chills unresponsive to antibiotics
*Pill esophagitis (bisphosphonates, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, iron supplements)
** chorioretinitis
*Post-radiation esophagutis
** muscle abscesses
*Mallory Weiss tear or Boerhaave syndrome
** skin lesions with satellite pustules
*Cardiac pain (ACS, pericarditis, myocarditis, dissection, etc.)
* Diagnosis
*[[Zenker's diverticulum]]
** positive blood culture
** positive culture of blood, tissue, urine from normally sterile sites
** biopsy of skin lesions for gram staining
** beta-D-glutan assay can be a diagnostic adjunct to blood cultures and identify systemic fungal infections weeks before positive blood cultures
* Management <ref name=invasive>Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC Maiken, Invasive Candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1445-1456.</ref>
** vascular catheter removal
** 1st line: IV Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Anidulafungin, Micafungin)
** Step down therapy: as early as 5 days, can step down to oral if blood stream is clear and patient can tolerate oral regime
** 2nd line: Fluconazole, Voriconazole
** Alternative: Amphotericin B is acceptable but carries a higher toxicity and side-effect profile


==Evaluation==
==Evaluation==
* Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance
*Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance
* Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae  
*Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae  


==Management==
==Management==
* Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole
*Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole (eg [[fluconazole]])
* Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin)
*Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin)


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
* Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis
*Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis
* Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization  
*Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization  


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Candida vaginitis]]
*[[Candiduria]]
*[[Candiduria]]
*[[Oral thrush]]


==External Links==
==External Links==
Line 79: Line 63:
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:ID]]

Latest revision as of 02:51, 23 September 2021

Background

  • Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the Candida genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year [1]
  • Candida yeasts (most commonly Candida albicans) are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area
  • Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis [2]
  • Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis

Risk Factors

  • Skin maceration
  • Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators [2]
  • Broad spectrum antibiotic use
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Oral Contraceptive use
  • Hematologic Malignancy
  • Central Venous Catheters use
  • Total Parenteral nutrition use
  • Neutropenia

Clinical Features

Local Candida Infections

Systemic

Differential Diagnosis

Esophageal candidiasis

  • CMV esophagitis
  • HSV esophagitis
  • Diphtheria (C. diptheriae)
  • Pill esophagitis (bisphosphonates, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, iron supplements)
  • Post-radiation esophagutis
  • Mallory Weiss tear or Boerhaave syndrome
  • Cardiac pain (ACS, pericarditis, myocarditis, dissection, etc.)
  • Zenker's diverticulum

Evaluation

  • Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance
  • Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae

Management

  • Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole (eg fluconazole)
  • Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin)

Disposition

  • Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis
  • Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&oldid=321293"