Candidiasis: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
* Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the ''Candida'' genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year <ref>Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.</ref> | *Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the ''Candida'' genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year <ref>Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.</ref> | ||
* ''Candida'' yeasts (most commonly ''Candida albicans'') are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area | *''Candida'' yeasts (most commonly ''Candida albicans'') are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area | ||
* Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref> | *Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref> | ||
* Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis | *Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis | ||
===Risk Factors=== | ===Risk Factors=== | ||
* Skin maceration | *Skin maceration | ||
* Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref> | *Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators <ref name=candida>Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.</ref> | ||
* Broad spectrum antibiotic use | *Broad spectrum antibiotic use | ||
* Diabetes | *[[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
* Oral Contraceptive use | *Oral Contraceptive use | ||
* Hematologic Malignancy | *Hematologic Malignancy | ||
* Central Venous Catheters use | *Central Venous Catheters use | ||
* Total Parenteral nutrition use | *Total Parenteral nutrition use | ||
* Neutropenia | *[[Neutropenia]] | ||
==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
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*Esophagus: [[Esophageal candidiasis]] | *Esophagus: [[Esophageal candidiasis]] | ||
*Vulva/vagina: [[Candida vulvovaginitis]] | *Vulva/vagina: [[Candida vulvovaginitis]] | ||
*Skin lesions: | *Skin lesions: [[Candida dermatitis]] | ||
===Systemic=== | ===Systemic=== | ||
*hematogenous, central line cathether, intravenous catheter, [[Candiduria|indwelling foley catheter]]: [[Invasive candidiasis]] | *hematogenous, central line cathether, intravenous catheter, [[Candiduria|indwelling foley catheter]]: [[Invasive candidiasis]] | ||
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File:Diaper dermatitis.png|[[Diaper dermatitis]] | File:Diaper dermatitis.png|[[Diaper dermatitis]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
===Esophageal candidiasis=== | |||
*CMV esophagitis | |||
*HSV esophagitis | |||
*[[Diphtheria]] (C. diptheriae) | |||
*Pill esophagitis (bisphosphonates, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, iron supplements) | |||
*Post-radiation esophagutis | |||
*Mallory Weiss tear or Boerhaave syndrome | |||
*Cardiac pain (ACS, pericarditis, myocarditis, dissection, etc.) | |||
*[[Zenker's diverticulum]] | |||
==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
* Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance | *Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance | ||
* Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae | *Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae | ||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
* Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole | *Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole (eg [[fluconazole]]) | ||
* Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin) | *Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin) | ||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
* Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis | *Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis | ||
* Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization | *Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 63: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:ID]] | |||
Latest revision as of 02:51, 23 September 2021
Background
- Candidiasis encompasses a wide array of local or invasive fungal infections caused by the Candida genus and infect more than 250,000 patients worldwide per year [1]
- Candida yeasts (most commonly Candida albicans) are normal flora that live on the skin and mucous membranes, but may cause infection with overgrowth and vary in clinical presentation depending on the infected area
- Local mucocutaneous candida infections: oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophagitis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and mastitis [2]
- Invasive candida infections: Fungal UTI, Meningitis, Endocarditis, Empyema, Mediastinitis, Pericarditis
Risk Factors
- Skin maceration
- Immunosuppression: HIV/AIDS, Corticosteroid use, Chemotherapy, Immunomodulators [2]
- Broad spectrum antibiotic use
- Diabetes mellitus
- Oral Contraceptive use
- Hematologic Malignancy
- Central Venous Catheters use
- Total Parenteral nutrition use
- Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Local Candida Infections
- Mouth: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)
- Esophagus: Esophageal candidiasis
- Vulva/vagina: Candida vulvovaginitis
- Skin lesions: Candida dermatitis
Systemic
- hematogenous, central line cathether, intravenous catheter, indwelling foley catheter: Invasive candidiasis
Differential Diagnosis
Esophageal candidiasis
- CMV esophagitis
- HSV esophagitis
- Diphtheria (C. diptheriae)
- Pill esophagitis (bisphosphonates, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, iron supplements)
- Post-radiation esophagutis
- Mallory Weiss tear or Boerhaave syndrome
- Cardiac pain (ACS, pericarditis, myocarditis, dissection, etc.)
- Zenker's diverticulum
Evaluation
- Local candidiasis is primarily clinically diagnosed based on lesion characteristics and appearance
- Confirmatory tests: KOH preparation of lesion scrapings, vaginal wet mount, culture, or endoscopic biopsy reveal budding yeast with pseudohyphae
Management
- Local: Topical anti-fungal (Nystatin, azoles) or oral azole (eg fluconazole)
- Invasive: Intravenous Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin)
Disposition
- Local infections can be managed on an outpatient basis
- Invasive infection will be managed with IV antibiotics and requires prolonged hospitalization
See Also
External Links
References
- ↑ Candidiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Published June 12, 2015. Accessed August 25, 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kauffmann CA. Overview of Candida Infections. UptoDate. 2016.