Bacterial tracheitis: Difference between revisions
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== Background == | ==Background == | ||
*Bacterial infection of tracheal epithelium | *Bacterial infection of tracheal epithelium | ||
**Often secondary infection after viral illness | **Often secondary infection after viral illness | ||
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**Occurs throughout childhood and adulthood | **Occurs throughout childhood and adulthood | ||
== Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
*Severely ill child, starts out as viral prodrome | *Severely ill child, starts out as viral prodrome | ||
**Followed by inspiratory and expiratory stridor, resp distress, and copious purulent secretions | **Followed by inspiratory and expiratory stridor, resp distress, and copious purulent secretions | ||
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{{Pediatric stridor DDX}} | {{Pediatric stridor DDX}} | ||
== Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
*Clinical diagnosis | *Clinical diagnosis | ||
*Gram stain with predominance of one organism, differentiating from colonization | *Gram stain with predominance of one organism, differentiating from colonization | ||
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*Emergent bronchoscopy is diagnostic and therapeutic | *Emergent bronchoscopy is diagnostic and therapeutic | ||
== Treatment == | ==Treatment == | ||
*Intubation, emergent, usually necessary | *Intubation, emergent, usually necessary | ||
*Bronchoscopy to confirm dx, rule out supraglottic pathology | *Bronchoscopy to confirm dx, rule out supraglottic pathology | ||
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***OR vancomycin 45 mg/kg/d IV divided q8hr | ***OR vancomycin 45 mg/kg/d IV divided q8hr | ||
== Disposition == | ==Disposition == | ||
*ICU admit | *ICU admit | ||
*Often require prolong intubation, 4-5 days | *Often require prolong intubation, 4-5 days | ||
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==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
== References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 01:49, 6 July 2016
Background
- Bacterial infection of tracheal epithelium
- Often secondary infection after viral illness
- S. Aureus most common, also strep spp, H. Influenza and anaerobes
- Peak age is 3-5 years old
- Occurs throughout childhood and adulthood
Clinical Features
- Severely ill child, starts out as viral prodrome
- Followed by inspiratory and expiratory stridor, resp distress, and copious purulent secretions
- Difficult to differentiate from croup and epiglottis
- Severe decompensation, high fever, purulent secretions help differentiate
- May also have concomitant pneumonia
- May have been treated with racemic epinephrine and steroids for croup, with no clinical improvement
Differential Diagnosis
Pediatric stridor
<6 Months Old
- Laryngotracheomalacia
- Accounts for 60%
- Usually exacerbated by viral URI
- Diagnosed with flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy
- Vocal cord paralysis
- Stridor associated with feeding problems, hoarse voice, weak and/or changing cry
- May have cyanosis or apnea if bilateral (less common)
- Subglottic stenosis
- Congenital vs secondary to prolonged intubation in premies
- Airway hemangioma
- Usually regresses by age 5
- Associated with skin hemangiomas in beard distribution
- Vascular ring/sling
>6 Months Old
- Croup
- viral laryngotracheobronchitis
- 6 mo - 3 yr, peaks at 2 yrs
- Most severe on 3rd-4th day of illness
- Steeple sign not reliable- diagnose clinically
- Epiglottitis
- H flu type B
- Have higher suspicion in unvaccinated children
- Rapid onset sore throat, fever, drooling
- Difficult airway- call anesthesia/ ENT early
- H flu type B
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Rare but causes life-threatening obstruction
- Symptoms of croup + toxic-appearing = bacterial tracheitis
- Foreign body (sudden onset)
- Marked variation in quality or pattern of stridor
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Fever, neck pain, dysphagia, muffled voice, drooling, neck stiffness/torticollis/extension
Diagnosis
- Clinical diagnosis
- Gram stain with predominance of one organism, differentiating from colonization
- XR neck may show subglottic narrowing with ragged tracheal epithelium
- CXR may show concominant Pneumonia
- Emergent bronchoscopy is diagnostic and therapeutic
Treatment
- Intubation, emergent, usually necessary
- Bronchoscopy to confirm dx, rule out supraglottic pathology
- Antibiotics[1]
- Third generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)
- PLUS MRSA coverage, options below depending on prevalence of CA-MRSA
- Clindamycin 40 mg/kg/d IV divided q8hr
- OR vancomycin 45 mg/kg/d IV divided q8hr
Disposition
- ICU admit
- Often require prolong intubation, 4-5 days
See Also
References
- ↑ Bacterial Tracheitis - Treatment and Management. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961647-treatment