Activated charcoal: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
ClaireLewis (talk | contribs) |
||
| (30 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
== | ==General== | ||
* | *Type: [[Antidote]] | ||
*" | *A fine, black, odorless powder recognized for more than 2 centuries as an effective adsorbent of many substances | ||
*Common Trade Names: Actidose-Aqua [OTC]; Actidose/Sorbitol [OTC]; Char-Flo with Sorbitol [OTC]; EZ Char [OTC]; Kerr Insta-Char in Sorbitol [OTC]; Kerr Insta-Char [OTC] <ref>Activated Charcoal. online.lexi.com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6579?hl=5864#f_pregnancy-and-lactation. Updated 10/5/15. Accessed 12/30/15. </ref> | |||
==Adult Dosing== | |||
*25-100gm PO<ref name="AACT PP" /> | |||
*Common standard dose is 50gm | |||
*10:1 ratio of charcoal to xenobiotic typically recommended | |||
*If not pre-mixed best administered in a 1:8 ratio of AC to liquid (water, coke) | |||
*AC alone comparably effective to AC to cathartic (sorbitol, Mg citrate) | |||
**if cathartic is used, it should only be a single time (avoid in [[multidose activated charcoal]] therapy) | |||
**repeated dosages associated with dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte derangements | |||
==Pediatric Dosing== | |||
*0.5-1 gm/kg PO<ref name="AACT PP" /> | |||
== | ==Special Populations== | ||
* | *[[Drug pregnancy categories|Pregnancy Rating]]: not absorbed | ||
* | *[[Pregnancy and lactation drug labeling|Lactation risk]]: not absorbed | ||
*Renal Dosing | |||
**Adult | |||
**Pediatric | |||
*Hepatic Dosing | |||
**Adult | |||
**Pediatric | |||
== Indications == | ==Indications== | ||
*Should be considered for a poisoned or overdosed patient after risk-to-benefit assessment of the ingested substance and patient-specific factors | |||
*Ingested drug is adsorbed by charcoal AND one of the following: | *Ingested drug is adsorbed by charcoal AND one of the following: | ||
**Time since ingestion is less than 1-2hr | |||
**Drug has significant enterohepatic circulation | |||
**Drug delays gastric emptying AND time since ingestion is <4hr | |||
**Drug is a controlled release preparation AND time since ingestion is <12-18hr | |||
THE KILLER CS | |||
*Cyanide | |||
*Colchicine | |||
*Calcium channel blockers | |||
*Cyclic antidepressants | |||
*Cardioglycosides | |||
*Cyclopeptide mushrooms (''Amanita phalloides'') | |||
*Cocaine | |||
*Cicutoxin (water hemlock) | |||
*Salicylates | |||
===AACT recommendations=== | ===AACT recommendations=== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 51: | ||
*They emphasize that there is no definitive data that activated charcoal improves clinical outcome | *They emphasize that there is no definitive data that activated charcoal improves clinical outcome | ||
== Contraindications == | ==Contraindications== | ||
*Altered mental status | *[[Altered mental status]] | ||
*Intestinal obstruction | *Intestinal [[SBO|obstruction]] | ||
*Increased risk of aspiration | *Increased risk of aspiration | ||
*Ingestion of substances not absorbed by charcoal | *Ingestion of substances not absorbed by charcoal | ||
*Instances where urgent endoscopy will be needed (eg. Ingestion of caustic material) | *Instances where urgent endoscopy will be needed (eg. Ingestion of caustic material) | ||
== | ===Limitations=== | ||
== | |||
*Does not work with: | *Does not work with: | ||
**Heavy metals ([[Iron Toxicity|Iron]], [[Lead Toxicity|Lead]], [[Arsenic]], [[Mercury]], Zinc) | **Heavy metals ([[Iron Toxicity|Iron]], [[Lead Toxicity|Lead]], [[Arsenic]], [[Mercury]], Zinc) | ||
**Inorganic ions ([[Lithium]], Potassium, Sodium, | **Inorganic ions ([[Lithium]], Potassium, Sodium, Fluoride and Iodine) | ||
**[[Hydrocarbons]]/essential oils | **[[Hydrocarbons]]/essential oils | ||
**Toxic alcohols ([[Ethylene Glycol Toxicity|Ethylene Glycol]], [[Methanol Toxicity|Methanol]], [[Isopropyl Alcohol Toxicity|Isopropanol]]) | **Toxic alcohols ([[Ethylene Glycol Toxicity|Ethylene Glycol]], [[Methanol Toxicity|Methanol]], [[Isopropyl Alcohol Toxicity|Isopropanol]]) | ||
**Acids/bases | **Acids/bases | ||
**[[Organophosphates]] | |||
== | ==Adverse Reactions== | ||
*[[Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonitis|Aspiration]] | *[[Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonitis|Aspiration]] | ||
*[[Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)|Bowel obstruction]] | *[[Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)|Bowel obstruction]] | ||
== See Also == | ==Pharmacology== | ||
*Half-life: not absorbed | |||
*Metabolism: not absorbed | |||
*Excretion: excreted whole in feces | |||
*Adsorption begins within about 1 minute but may not achieve equilibrium for 10-25 minutes | |||
*Clinical efficacy inversely related to time elapsed after ingestion and depends on rate of adsorption of xenobiotic | |||
===Mechanism of action=== | |||
*Large surface area of the charcoal binds toxins and prevents their absorption | |||
*Interrupts enteroenteric/enterohepatic circulation of drugs<ref name="Multi">Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(6):731-51.</ref> | |||
==Comments== | |||
*Created by heating wood and other natural materials in an airless environment | |||
*"Activated" by turning into fine powder, which ↑ surface area | |||
==See Also== | |||
*[[Gastric Lavage]] | *[[Gastric Lavage]] | ||
*[[Multidose Activated Charcoal (MDAC)]] | *[[Multidose Activated Charcoal (MDAC)]] | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Pharmacology]] | |||
[[Category:Procedures]] | [[Category:Procedures]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Toxicology]] | ||
[[Category:EMS]] | [[Category:EMS]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:31, 7 October 2019
General
- Type: Antidote
- A fine, black, odorless powder recognized for more than 2 centuries as an effective adsorbent of many substances
- Common Trade Names: Actidose-Aqua [OTC]; Actidose/Sorbitol [OTC]; Char-Flo with Sorbitol [OTC]; EZ Char [OTC]; Kerr Insta-Char in Sorbitol [OTC]; Kerr Insta-Char [OTC] [1]
Adult Dosing
- 25-100gm PO[2]
- Common standard dose is 50gm
- 10:1 ratio of charcoal to xenobiotic typically recommended
- If not pre-mixed best administered in a 1:8 ratio of AC to liquid (water, coke)
- AC alone comparably effective to AC to cathartic (sorbitol, Mg citrate)
- if cathartic is used, it should only be a single time (avoid in multidose activated charcoal therapy)
- repeated dosages associated with dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte derangements
Pediatric Dosing
- 0.5-1 gm/kg PO[2]
Special Populations
- Pregnancy Rating: not absorbed
- Lactation risk: not absorbed
- Renal Dosing
- Adult
- Pediatric
- Hepatic Dosing
- Adult
- Pediatric
Indications
- Should be considered for a poisoned or overdosed patient after risk-to-benefit assessment of the ingested substance and patient-specific factors
- Ingested drug is adsorbed by charcoal AND one of the following:
- Time since ingestion is less than 1-2hr
- Drug has significant enterohepatic circulation
- Drug delays gastric emptying AND time since ingestion is <4hr
- Drug is a controlled release preparation AND time since ingestion is <12-18hr
THE KILLER CS
- Cyanide
- Colchicine
- Calcium channel blockers
- Cyclic antidepressants
- Cardioglycosides
- Cyclopeptide mushrooms (Amanita phalloides)
- Cocaine
- Cicutoxin (water hemlock)
- Salicylates
AACT recommendations
- Activated charcoal "should not be administered routinely in the management of poisoned patients."[2]
- Consider if patient presents within one hour of an ingestion of a toxic amount of a substance known to be absorbed by charcoal
- Administration of charcoal after an hour may continue to be beneficial
- They emphasize that there is no definitive data that activated charcoal improves clinical outcome
Contraindications
- Altered mental status
- Intestinal obstruction
- Increased risk of aspiration
- Ingestion of substances not absorbed by charcoal
- Instances where urgent endoscopy will be needed (eg. Ingestion of caustic material)
Limitations
- Does not work with:
- Heavy metals (Iron, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury, Zinc)
- Inorganic ions (Lithium, Potassium, Sodium, Fluoride and Iodine)
- Hydrocarbons/essential oils
- Toxic alcohols (Ethylene Glycol, Methanol, Isopropanol)
- Acids/bases
- Organophosphates
Adverse Reactions
Pharmacology
- Half-life: not absorbed
- Metabolism: not absorbed
- Excretion: excreted whole in feces
- Adsorption begins within about 1 minute but may not achieve equilibrium for 10-25 minutes
- Clinical efficacy inversely related to time elapsed after ingestion and depends on rate of adsorption of xenobiotic
Mechanism of action
- Large surface area of the charcoal binds toxins and prevents their absorption
- Interrupts enteroenteric/enterohepatic circulation of drugs[3]
Comments
- Created by heating wood and other natural materials in an airless environment
- "Activated" by turning into fine powder, which ↑ surface area
See Also
References
- ↑ Activated Charcoal. online.lexi.com.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/patch_f/6579?hl=5864#f_pregnancy-and-lactation. Updated 10/5/15. Accessed 12/30/15.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43(2):61-87.
- ↑ Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(6):731-51.