Interactive Winters' Formula calculator for expected pCO2 in metabolic acidosis. Requires the calculator gadget.
Usage: {{Winters Formula Calculator}}
Winters' Formula — Expected pCO₂
| Input
|
Value
|
| Serum Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) mEq/L
|
|
| Results
|
| Expected pCO₂ (low end)
|
mmHg
|
| Expected pCO₂ (high end)
|
mmHg
|
| Interpretation
|
| pCO₂ in expected range
|
Appropriate respiratory compensation — Pure metabolic acidosis with adequate compensation.
|
| pCO₂ > expected
|
Concurrent respiratory acidosis — Inadequate compensation; concurrent respiratory acidosis present.
|
| pCO₂ < expected
|
Concurrent respiratory alkalosis — Overcompensation; concurrent respiratory alkalosis present.
|
| References
|
- Winters RW, et al. Studies of Acid Base Disturbances. J Clin Invest. 1956;35:311-318.
- Formula: Expected pCO₂ = 1.5 × [HCO₃⁻] + 8 (± 2)
- Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative displacement of acid-base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66(2):312-322.
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