Intraosseous access: Difference between revisions

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===Indications===
==Indications==
[[File:ez-IO.jpg|thumbnail|3 EZ-IO sizes]]
*immediate access required for administration of drugs/fluids  
*immediate access required for administration of drugs/fluids  
*cardiac arrest, resuscitaion when no other IV in place  
*cardiac arrest, resuscitaion when no other IV in place  
*Do not use IO for more than 24 h (ideally place the IO for immediate resus needs, then establish peripheral or central lines as needed)
*Do not use IO for more than 24 h (ideally place the IO for immediate resus needs, then establish peripheral or central lines as needed)


===Contraindications===
==Contraindications==
*osteoporosis
*Osteoporosis
*osteogenesis imperfecta  
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*fractured bone  
*steogenesis imperfecta  
*recent IO infusion in same bone  
*[[Fractures_(Main)|Fractured bone]]
*insertion at site of cellulitis, infection, or burn
*Recent IO infusion in same bone  
*[[Cellulitis]], Infection, or Burn, at insertion site


===Equipment===
==Equipment==
*multiple different types of IO needles and products available  
*Multiple different types of IO needles and products available  
*EZ-IO device used at HUCLA (equipment stored in green box in medicine room in adult ED, or in cabinets of room 4 in peds ED)


#EZ-IO drill  
#EZ-IO drill
#Appropriate IO needle with extension set  
#Appropriate IO needle with extension set  
#chloraprep
#Chloraprep or alcohol to clean skin
#NS flush
#Saline Flush
#Lidocaine (2% lidocaine without epi - cardiac lidocaine)
#Lidocaine (2% lidocaine without epi)


===Site Selection (for EZ-IO system)===
==Site Selection==
#Proximal Tibia- 2 finger breadths below tibial tuberosity (1-3 cm) on medial, flat aspect of tibia  
#Proximal Tibia- 2 finger breadths below tibial tuberosity (1-3 cm) on medial, flat aspect of tibia  
#Distal Tibia- medial surface at junction of medial malleolus and shaft of tibia, posterior to to greater saphenous vein  
#Distal Tibia- medial surface at junction of medial malleolus and shaft of tibia, posterior to to greater saphenous vein  
#Proximal humerus (adults only, use yellow needle)
#Proximal humerus (adults only, use yellow needle)
#Distal Femur (generally only in infants and children)
#Pelvic ASIS
#Pelvic ASIS


===EZ-IO Needle selection (based on weight of patient)===
==EZ-IO Needle selection (based on weight of patient)==
#Pink 15mm (3-39kg)  
#Pink 15mm (3-39kg)  
#Blue 25mm (40kg and above)  
#Blue 25mm (40kg and above)  
#Yellow 45mm  (excessive tissue)
#Yellow 45mm  (excessive tissue)


===Procedure===
==Procedure==
#identify landmarks  
#Identify landmarks  
#prep skin  
#Clean skin  
#place appropriate needle on drill and remove safety cap  
#Place appropriate needle on drill and remove safety cap  
#ADVANCE needle through skin to bone
#ADVANCE needle through skin to bone
#DRILL needle perpendicular into bone at site with gentle, constant pressure  
#DRILL needle perpendicular into bone at site with gentle, constant pressure  
#when needle tip contacts bone there should be 5mm of catheter visible outside of skin (if not you may need a longer needle)  
#When needle tip contacts bone there should be 5mm of catheter visible outside of skin (if not you may need a longer needle)  
#continue drilling through bone until "give" or "pop" occurs and needle tip enters medullary space  
#Continue drilling through bone until "give" or "pop" occurs and needle tip enters medullary space  
#remove stylet  
#Remove stylet  
#attach the manuacturer's extension set (helpful if this is pre-flushed with saline and/or lidocaine)  
#Attach the manuacturer's extension set (helpful if this is pre-flushed with saline and/or lidocaine)  
#aspirate blood/marrow to confirm placement  
#Aspirate blood/marrow to confirm placement  
#if pt is awake, slowly infuse 2% lidocaine (cardiac lidocaine) 2-3mL through the IO line (IO infusion is painful)  
#If patient is awake, slowly infuse 2% lidocaine (cardiac lidocaine) 2-3mL through the IO line (IO infusion is painful as the marrow cavity expands)  
#flush saline through extension set to ensure good flow  
#Flush saline through extension set to ensure good flow  
#apply dressing  
#Apply dressing  
#'''REMOVAL:''' detach extension tubing. place a 12mL empty syringe on IO luer lock. twist clockwise while gently and slowly applying in-line traction until removed. apply dressing. 
#'''REMOVAL:''' detach extension tubing. place a 12mL empty syringe on IO luer lock. twist clockwise while gently and slowly applying in-line traction until removed. apply dressing


===Complications===
==Complications==
*incomplete penetration of cortex  
*Incomplete penetration of cortex  
*penetration of posterior cortex  
*Penetration of posterior cortex  
*pain
Pain
*infection
*Infection
*compartment syndrome  
*Compartment syndrome  
*growth plate damage  
*Growth plate damage  
*fat embolism
*Fat embolism


===Labs?===
==Labs drawn via IO==
*Blood drawn from an IO can be used for type and cross, chemistry, blood gas.  
*Blood drawn from an IO can be used for type and cross, chemistry, blood gas.  
*CANNOT use IO blood for CBC
**There is not good correlation with Sodium, Potassium, CO<sub>2</sub>, and calcium levels.<ref name="miller">Miller LJ. et al A new study of intraosseous blood for laboratory analysis.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Sep;134(9):1253-60.</ref>
*Chem 7 generally accurate although K often elevated due to hemolysis
**Potassium is often elevated due to hemolysis
*CANNOT use IO blood for CBC
**WBCs are higher and platelet counts are lower<ref name="miller"></ref>


===IO&nbsp;Medications===
==IO Medications==
*Any medication that can be given in peripheral IV can be given through IO  
*Any medication that can be given in peripheral IV can be given through IO  
**Epinephrine infused via the intraosseous humeral site has the identical peak serum concentration as if it were instilled via a subclavian central line<ref>Kramer GC, Hoskins SL, Espana J, et al. Intraosseous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relative dose delivery via the sternal and tibial routes. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12(5):s67.</ref>
**RSI medications can be given through IO with the same efficacy<ref>Barnard, et al. Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia via the intraosseous route: a prospective observational study. Emerg Med J. 2014; Jun 24. pii: emermed-2014-203740. [Epub ahead of print]</ref>
**RSI medications can be given through IO with the same efficacy<ref>Barnard, et al. Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia via the intraosseous route: a prospective observational study. Emerg Med J. 2014; Jun 24. pii: emermed-2014-203740. [Epub ahead of print]</ref>
*Same doses as IV&nbsp;meds  
*Same doses as IV meds  
*Follow with flush
*Follow with flush
*drips or IVF should be given with pressure bag or infusion pump
*Drips or IV fluids should be given with pressure bag or infusion pump


===Source===
==Source==
Uptodate
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Procedures]][[Airway/Resus]]

Revision as of 15:17, 21 January 2015

Indications

3 EZ-IO sizes
  • immediate access required for administration of drugs/fluids
  • cardiac arrest, resuscitaion when no other IV in place
  • Do not use IO for more than 24 h (ideally place the IO for immediate resus needs, then establish peripheral or central lines as needed)

Contraindications

Equipment

  • Multiple different types of IO needles and products available
  1. EZ-IO drill
  2. Appropriate IO needle with extension set
  3. Chloraprep or alcohol to clean skin
  4. Saline Flush
  5. Lidocaine (2% lidocaine without epi)

Site Selection

  1. Proximal Tibia- 2 finger breadths below tibial tuberosity (1-3 cm) on medial, flat aspect of tibia
  2. Distal Tibia- medial surface at junction of medial malleolus and shaft of tibia, posterior to to greater saphenous vein
  3. Proximal humerus (adults only, use yellow needle)
  4. Distal Femur (generally only in infants and children)
  5. Pelvic ASIS

EZ-IO Needle selection (based on weight of patient)

  1. Pink 15mm (3-39kg)
  2. Blue 25mm (40kg and above)
  3. Yellow 45mm  (excessive tissue)

Procedure

  1. Identify landmarks
  2. Clean skin
  3. Place appropriate needle on drill and remove safety cap
  4. ADVANCE needle through skin to bone
  5. DRILL needle perpendicular into bone at site with gentle, constant pressure
  6. When needle tip contacts bone there should be 5mm of catheter visible outside of skin (if not you may need a longer needle)
  7. Continue drilling through bone until "give" or "pop" occurs and needle tip enters medullary space
  8. Remove stylet
  9. Attach the manuacturer's extension set (helpful if this is pre-flushed with saline and/or lidocaine)
  10. Aspirate blood/marrow to confirm placement
  11. If patient is awake, slowly infuse 2% lidocaine (cardiac lidocaine) 2-3mL through the IO line (IO infusion is painful as the marrow cavity expands)
  12. Flush saline through extension set to ensure good flow
  13. Apply dressing
  14. REMOVAL: detach extension tubing. place a 12mL empty syringe on IO luer lock. twist clockwise while gently and slowly applying in-line traction until removed. apply dressing

Complications

  • Incomplete penetration of cortex
  • Penetration of posterior cortex

Pain

  • Infection
  • Compartment syndrome
  • Growth plate damage
  • Fat embolism

Labs drawn via IO

  • Blood drawn from an IO can be used for type and cross, chemistry, blood gas.
    • There is not good correlation with Sodium, Potassium, CO2, and calcium levels.[1]
    • Potassium is often elevated due to hemolysis
  • CANNOT use IO blood for CBC
    • WBCs are higher and platelet counts are lower[1]

IO Medications

  • Any medication that can be given in peripheral IV can be given through IO
    • Epinephrine infused via the intraosseous humeral site has the identical peak serum concentration as if it were instilled via a subclavian central line[2]
    • RSI medications can be given through IO with the same efficacy[3]
  • Same doses as IV meds
  • Follow with flush
  • Drips or IV fluids should be given with pressure bag or infusion pump

Source

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Miller LJ. et al A new study of intraosseous blood for laboratory analysis.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Sep;134(9):1253-60.
  2. ↑ Kramer GC, Hoskins SL, Espana J, et al. Intraosseous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relative dose delivery via the sternal and tibial routes. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12(5):s67.
  3. ↑ Barnard, et al. Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia via the intraosseous route: a prospective observational study. Emerg Med J. 2014; Jun 24. pii: emermed-2014-203740. [Epub ahead of print]

Airway/Resus

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