Emergency contraception: Difference between revisions
(Simplified, clarified)
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==Progestin ([[levonorgestrel]])-Only Regimen==
==Overview==
===General===
====Most to least effective<ref>ACOG. Emergency Contraception. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/emergency-contraception </ref>====
#Copper IUD
#Ulipristal (''Ella'')
#Progestin-only regimen
#Combination estrogen-progestin regimen
 
==Progestin-only Regimen==
====General====
*First dose within 48 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
*First dose within 48 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
**May also be taken as single dose (double dose)
**May also be taken as single dose (double dose)
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**Effectiveness may be reduced in obese patients; some emerging evidence suggests doubling dose for obese patients<ref>Edelman A, Cherala G, Blue S, Erikson D, Jensen J. Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing. Contraception. 2016 ;94:52-57.</ref>
**Effectiveness may be reduced in obese patients; some emerging evidence suggests doubling dose for obese patients<ref>Edelman A, Cherala G, Blue S, Erikson D, Jensen J. Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing. Contraception. 2016 ;94:52-57.</ref>


===Adverse Reactions===
====Adverse Reactions====
*Nausea (23%)
*Nausea (23%)
*Vomiting (6%)
*Vomiting (6%)
*No teratogenesis
*No teratogenesis


===Dosing===
====Dosing====
*Plan B (marketed specifically for emergency contraception) - levonorgestrel 0.75mg PO per pill  
*Plan B (marketed specifically for emergency contraception) - levonorgestrel 0.75mg PO per pill  
**Should be given as soon as possible after intercourse; labeled for use up to 72 hours post-coitus, however may still be moderately effective up to 5 days after<ref>Practice Bulletin No. 152: Emergency Contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):e1-e11. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001047. PMID: 26287787.</ref>
**Should be given as soon as possible after intercourse; labeled for use up to 72 hours post-coitus, however may still be moderately effective up to 5 days after<ref>Practice Bulletin No. 152: Emergency Contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):e1-e11. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001047. PMID: 26287787.</ref>
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*May also be taken as one-time dose of levonorgestrel 1.5mg PO once
*May also be taken as one-time dose of levonorgestrel 1.5mg PO once


==Yuzpe Regimen (Combination OCPs)==
==Combination OCPs (AKA Yuzpe Regimen)==
===General===
====General====
*First dose within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
*First dose within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
*May be given up to 120 hours later (but efficacy reduced)
*May be given up to 120 hours later (but efficacy reduced)
*Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (2% with vs 8% without)
*Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (2% with vs 8% without)


===Adverse Reactions===
====Adverse Reactions====
*Nausea (50%)
*Nausea (50%)
*Vomiting (20%)
*Vomiting (20%)


===Safety===
====Safety====
*No teratogenic effect
*No teratogenic effect


===Contraindications===
====Contraindications====
*Pregnancy
*Pregnancy


===FDA approved regimens===
====FDA approved regimens====
*Ovral, Ogestrel - 2 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
*Ovral, Ogestrel - 2 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
*Alesse, Aviane, Levlite - 5 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
*Alesse, Aviane, Levlite - 5 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
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*Triphasil, Tri-Levlen, Trivora - 4 pills (120 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
*Triphasil, Tri-Levlen, Trivora - 4 pills (120 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h


==Ulipristal acetate (Ella)==
==Ulipristal (Ella)==
*Progesterone-receptor modulator, effective up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
*Progesterone-receptor modulator, effective up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
*May be more effective than levonorgestrel in overweight patients<ref>Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Levy D, Gainer E, Ulmann A. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception. 2011;84:363-7.</ref>
*May be more effective than levonorgestrel in overweight patients<ref>Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Levy D, Gainer E, Ulmann A. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception. 2011;84:363-7.</ref>
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*Adverse effects: Nausea (~13%), abdominal pain (8-15%), headache (19%)<ref>Micromedex</ref>
*Adverse effects: Nausea (~13%), abdominal pain (8-15%), headache (19%)<ref>Micromedex</ref>


==[[IUD]]==
==[[Copper IUD]]==
*Copper intrauterine device (Paragard) can be used as emergency contraception up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
*Copper intrauterine device (Paragard) can be used as emergency contraception up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
*Advantages:
*Advantages:

Revision as of 18:35, 8 September 2023

Overview

Most to least effective[1]

  1. Copper IUD
  2. Ulipristal (Ella)
  3. Progestin-only regimen
  4. Combination estrogen-progestin regimen

Progestin-only Regimen

General

  • First dose within 48 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
    • May also be taken as single dose (double dose)
  • Relative risk reduction of pregnancy = 89% (1% with vs 8% without)
    • Effectiveness may be reduced in obese patients; some emerging evidence suggests doubling dose for obese patients[2]

Adverse Reactions

  • Nausea (23%)
  • Vomiting (6%)
  • No teratogenesis

Dosing

  • Plan B (marketed specifically for emergency contraception) - levonorgestrel 0.75mg PO per pill
    • Should be given as soon as possible after intercourse; labeled for use up to 72 hours post-coitus, however may still be moderately effective up to 5 days after[3]
    • levonorgestrel (Plan B and generics) 0.75mg PO Q12H x2 doses
  • May also be taken as one-time dose of levonorgestrel 1.5mg PO once

Combination OCPs (AKA Yuzpe Regimen)

General

  • First dose within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse followed by second dose 12 hours later
  • May be given up to 120 hours later (but efficacy reduced)
  • Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (2% with vs 8% without)

Adverse Reactions

  • Nausea (50%)
  • Vomiting (20%)

Safety

  • No teratogenic effect

Contraindications

  • Pregnancy

FDA approved regimens

  • Ovral, Ogestrel - 2 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
  • Alesse, Aviane, Levlite - 5 pills (100 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
  • Levlen, Levora, Lo/Ovral, Low-Ogestrel - 4 pills (120 ug ethiny estradiol/0.6mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h
  • Triphasil, Tri-Levlen, Trivora - 4 pills (120 ug ethiny estradiol/0.5mg levonorgestrel) per dose; repeat in 12h

Ulipristal (Ella)

  • Progesterone-receptor modulator, effective up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
  • May be more effective than levonorgestrel in overweight patients[4]
  • 30 mg PO in single dose
  • Safe in breast feeding women, but FDA recommends discarding breast milk for 24 hrs after taking
  • Adverse effects: Nausea (~13%), abdominal pain (8-15%), headache (19%)[5]

Copper IUD

  • Copper intrauterine device (Paragard) can be used as emergency contraception up to 120 hours after unprotected sex
  • Advantages:
    • More effective than oral regimens (>99% vs ~88%)[6]
    • Serves as long-acting reversible contraception for up to 12 years after insertion
  • Disadvantages:
    • Contraindicated in patients with PID or active gonorrhea/chlamydia: STD screening recommended prior to insertion
    • Not a very feasible method in the ED

See Also

References

  1. ↑ ACOG. Emergency Contraception. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/emergency-contraception
  2. ↑ Edelman A, Cherala G, Blue S, Erikson D, Jensen J. Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing. Contraception. 2016 ;94:52-57.
  3. ↑ Practice Bulletin No. 152: Emergency Contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):e1-e11. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001047. PMID: 26287787.
  4. ↑ Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Levy D, Gainer E, Ulmann A. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception. 2011;84:363-7.
  5. ↑ Micromedex
  6. ↑ http://ec.princeton.edu/questions/ec-review.pdf#page=3
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