Template:Caustics background: Difference between revisions
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===[[Caustics]]=== | <noinclude><languages/></noinclude> | ||
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===[[Special:MyLanguage/Caustics|Caustics]]=== <!--T:1--> | |||
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*Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces | *Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces | ||
*Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact | *Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact | ||
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*Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential | *Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential | ||
====Alkalis==== | |||
====Alkalis==== <!--T:3--> | |||
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*Accepts protons → free hydroxide ion, which easily penetrates tissue → cellular destruction | *Accepts protons → free hydroxide ion, which easily penetrates tissue → cellular destruction | ||
**Liquefactive necrosis and protein disruption may allow for deep penetration into surrounding tissues | **Liquefactive necrosis and protein disruption may allow for deep penetration into surrounding tissues | ||
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***Household bleach ingestion (4-6% sodium hypochlorite) rarely causes significant esophageal injury<ref>Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM. Caustic substance injuries. J Pediatr. 1985;107(2):169-174. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80119-0</ref><ref>Harley EH, Collins MD. Liquid household bleach ingestion in children: a retrospective review. Laryngoscope. 1997;107(1):122-125. doi:10.1097/00005537-199701000-00023</ref> | ***Household bleach ingestion (4-6% sodium hypochlorite) rarely causes significant esophageal injury<ref>Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM. Caustic substance injuries. J Pediatr. 1985;107(2):169-174. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80119-0</ref><ref>Harley EH, Collins MD. Liquid household bleach ingestion in children: a retrospective review. Laryngoscope. 1997;107(1):122-125. doi:10.1097/00005537-199701000-00023</ref> | ||
====Acids==== | |||
====Acids==== <!--T:5--> | |||
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*Proton donor → free hydrogen ion → cell death via denatured protein → coagulation necrosis and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement | *Proton donor → free hydrogen ion → cell death via denatured protein → coagulation necrosis and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement | ||
**However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common | **However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common | ||
***Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions | ***Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions | ||
*Can be systemically absorbed and → [[metabolic acidosis]], hemolysis, AKI | *Can be systemically absorbed and → [[Special:MyLanguage/metabolic acidosis|metabolic acidosis]], hemolysis, AKI | ||
*Examples | *Examples | ||
**Hydrochloric acid (HCl), [[hydrofluoric acid]] (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Phosphoric acid, Oxalic Acid, Acetic acid | **Hydrochloric acid (HCl), [[Special:MyLanguage/hydrofluoric acid|hydrofluoric acid]] (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Phosphoric acid, Oxalic Acid, Acetic acid | ||
***Found in: auto batteries, drain openers, toilet bowl, metal cleaners, swimming pool cleaners, rust remover, nail primer | ***Found in: auto batteries, drain openers, toilet bowl, metal cleaners, swimming pool cleaners, rust remover, nail primer | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:49, 27 January 2026
Caustics
- Substances that cause damage on contact with body surfaces
- Degree of injury determined by pH, concentration, volume, duration of contact
- Acidic agents cause coagulative necrosis
- Alkaline agents cause liquefactive necrosis (considered more damaging to most tissues)
- Corrosive agents have reducing, oxidising, denaturing or defatting potential
Alkalis
- Accepts protons → free hydroxide ion, which easily penetrates tissue → cellular destruction
- Liquefactive necrosis and protein disruption may allow for deep penetration into surrounding tissues
- Examples
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Lye present in drain cleaners, hair relaxers, grease remover
- Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and Ammonia (NH3)
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Acids
- Proton donor → free hydrogen ion → cell death via denatured protein → coagulation necrosis and eschar formation, which limits deeper involvement
- However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common
- Mortality rate is higher compared to strong alkali ingestions
- However, due to pylorospasm and pooling of acid, high-grade gastric injuries are common
- Can be systemically absorbed and → metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, AKI
- Examples
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Phosphoric acid, Oxalic Acid, Acetic acid
- Found in: auto batteries, drain openers, toilet bowl, metal cleaners, swimming pool cleaners, rust remover, nail primer
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Phosphoric acid, Oxalic Acid, Acetic acid