Template:AMS DDX

Altered mental status

Diffuse brain dysfunction

• Encephalopathies
  • Hypoxic encephalopathy
  • Acute toxic-metabolic encephalopathy (Delirium)
    • Hypoglycemia
    • Hyperosmolar state (e.g., hyperglycemia)
    • Electrolyte Abnormalities (hypernatremia or hyponatremia, hypercalcemia)
    • Organ system failure
    • Hepatic Encephalopathy
    • Uremia/Renal Failure
    • Endocrine (Addison's disease, hypothyroidism)
    • Hypoxia
    • CO2 narcosis
  • Hypertensive Encephalopathy
• Toxins
• Drug reactions (NMS)
• Environmental causes
  • Hypothermia
  • Hyperthermia
• Deficiency state
  • Wernicke encephalopathy
• Sepsis

Primary CNS disease or trauma

• Direct CNS trauma
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Subdural/epidural hematoma
• Vascular disease
  • Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
• SAH
• Infarction
  • Hemispheric, brainstem
• CNS infections
  • Encephalitis
  • Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
• Neoplasms
• Seizures
  • Nonconvulsive status epilepticus
  • Postictal state

Psychiatric

• Acute psychosis
• Excited delirium
• Malingering