Shoulder dystocia: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
Occurs in 0.2 to 3 percent of all births
*Occurs in 0.2-3% of all births<ref name="Silver">Silver DW, Sabatino F. Precipitous and difficult deliveries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2012 Nov;30(4):961-75. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2012.08.004.</ref>
*Anterior shoulder becomes impacted against maternal pubic symphysis


==Clinical Presentation==
===Risk Factors===
A clinical diagnosis. It should be suspected when the fetal head retracts into the perineum (ie, turtle sign) after expulsion due to reverse traction from the shoulders being impacted at the pelvic inlet. The diagnosis is made when the routine practice of gentle, downward traction of the fetal head fails to accomplish delivery of the anterior shoulder.
*Pre-labor
**Previous shoulder dystocia
**Macrosomia
**[[Diabetes mellitus]]
**Maternal BMI > 30
**Induction of labor
**Advanced maternal age
**Short maternal stature
**Small maternal pelvis
**Significant post-dates delivery (>42 weeks gestation)
*Intrapartum
**Prolonged first or second stage
**Oxytocin augmentation
**Failure to restitute
**Failure of shoulder rotation on descent
**Assisted vaginal delivery
***Prolonged head to body delivery time >60 seconds
 
==Clinical Features==
*Obstructed labor
*"Turtle sign" - fetal head retracts against perineum after it appears (rare)


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Emergency delivery DDX}}
{{Emergency delivery DDX}}


==Diagnosis==
==Evaluation==
*Clinical diagnosis


==Treatment==
==Management==
*No method of delivery has been shown to be better or safer
[[File:Suprapubic-pressureforSD.jpg|thumb|Suprapubic pressure maneuver.]]
*All fours maneuver - move pt to her hands and knees, 82 cases of shoulder dystocia, ~80% delivered without additional maneuvers<ref>Bruner JP et al. All-fours maneuver for reducing shoulder dystocia during labor. J Reprod Med. 1998 May;43(5):439-43.</ref>
''No consensus on best treatment/maneuver or order of their application.''
'''HELPER'''
'''HELPERR''' mnemonic - all maneuvers able to be performed by Emergency Physician, generally from least to most invasive
*'''H''' call for help
*'''H''' call for help
*'''E''' episiotomy (or episioproctotomy) to increase the anetroposterior diameter of passage
*'''E''' Evaluate for possible [[Episiotomy]] (or episioproctotomy) to increase the anteroposterior diameter of passage
*'''L''' Legs flex (McRoberts maneuver)
*'''L''' Legs flex (McRoberts maneuver) - best first option - hyperflexion of legs with mild abduction and external rotation (successful in 40% of cases)<ref name="Silver" />
*'''P''' Pressure- suprapubic pressure and Rubin’s maneuver (applying shoulder pressure to the fetus to decreases the bisacromial diameter)
*'''P''' Pressure (suprapubic pressure, aka Rubin I maneuver) - apply pressure just proximal to pubic symphysis, either continuously or in rocking motion (in conjunction with McRoberts, increases success rate to 54%)<ref name="Silver" />
*'''E''' Enter the vagina and attempt Wood’s corkscrew maneuver by pushing the most accessible shoulder toward the chest to corkscrew the shoulders through
*'''E''' Entry maneuvers - Wood’s corkscrew maneuver by applying pressure to anterior aspect of posterior shoulder causing movement of shoulder into more oblique position in pelvis<ref name="Mercado">Mercado J, Brea I, Mendez B, et al. Critical obstetric and gynecologic procedures in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2013 Feb;31(1):207-36.</ref> '''or''' Rubin II maneuver - applying pressure to posterior aspect of most accessible shoulder (anterior or posterior)
*'''R''' Remove posterior arm by sweeping it across the chest and bring fetal hand to the chin, grasp and pull out of the birth canal and across the face
*'''R''' Remove posterior arm by sweeping it across the chest and bring fetal hand to the chin, grasp and pull out of the birth canal and across the face (effective in up to 84% of cases)<ref name="Silver" />
*'''R''' Roll on all fours (Gaskin position) - may relieve up to 83% of shoulder dystocia<ref name="Silver" />
 
 
'''ALARMER''' mnemonic is an alternative to the HELPERR mnemonic and provides a slightly altered sequence of interventions:
*'''A''' Ask for help
*'''L''' Legs to chest (McRoberts maneuver)
*'''A''' Anterior shoulder disimpaction by suprapubic pressure
*'''R''' Release posterior shoulder (attempt made to deliver posterior shoulder prior to anterior shoulder)
*'''M''' Maneuver of Wood
*'''E''' Episiotomy
*'''R''' Roll on all fours
 
==Disposition==
*Admit OB/GYN


==Complications==
==Complications==
*Transient brachial plexus palsy (3.0 to 16.8 percent)
[[File:ClavicleFractureSD.jpg|thumb|Fracture of both clavicles as a result of shoulder dystocia: acute (top) and after healing (bottom).]]
*Clavicular fracture (1.7 to 9.5 percent)
*Transient brachial plexus palsy (3.0 to 16.8%)
*Humerus fracture (0.1 to 4.2 percent)
*Clavicular fracture (1.7 to 9.5%)
*Permanent brachial plexus palsy (0.5 to 1.6 percent)
*Humerus fracture (0.1 to 4.2%)
*Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (0.3 percent)
*Permanent brachial plexus palsy (0.5 to 1.6%)
*Death (0 to 0.35 percent)
*Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (0.3%)
*Death (0 to 0.35%)
*Fourth degree perineal lacerations
*Post-partum hemorrhage


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Emergent delivery]]
*[[Emergent delivery]]
==External Links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB3_fPhgmUM YouTube: Shoulder Dystocia Delivery, Manoeuvres, Management, Simulation]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:OB/GYN]]
 
[[Category:OBGYN]]

Latest revision as of 23:04, 13 May 2021

Background

  • Occurs in 0.2-3% of all births[1]
  • Anterior shoulder becomes impacted against maternal pubic symphysis

Risk Factors

  • Pre-labor
    • Previous shoulder dystocia
    • Macrosomia
    • Diabetes mellitus
    • Maternal BMI > 30
    • Induction of labor
    • Advanced maternal age
    • Short maternal stature
    • Small maternal pelvis
    • Significant post-dates delivery (>42 weeks gestation)
  • Intrapartum
    • Prolonged first or second stage
    • Oxytocin augmentation
    • Failure to restitute
    • Failure of shoulder rotation on descent
    • Assisted vaginal delivery
      • Prolonged head to body delivery time >60 seconds

Clinical Features

  • Obstructed labor
  • "Turtle sign" - fetal head retracts against perineum after it appears (rare)

Differential Diagnosis

Emergent delivery and related complications

Evaluation

  • Clinical diagnosis

Management

Suprapubic pressure maneuver.

No consensus on best treatment/maneuver or order of their application. HELPERR mnemonic - all maneuvers able to be performed by Emergency Physician, generally from least to most invasive

  • H call for help
  • E Evaluate for possible Episiotomy (or episioproctotomy) to increase the anteroposterior diameter of passage
  • L Legs flex (McRoberts maneuver) - best first option - hyperflexion of legs with mild abduction and external rotation (successful in 40% of cases)[1]
  • P Pressure (suprapubic pressure, aka Rubin I maneuver) - apply pressure just proximal to pubic symphysis, either continuously or in rocking motion (in conjunction with McRoberts, increases success rate to 54%)[1]
  • E Entry maneuvers - Wood’s corkscrew maneuver by applying pressure to anterior aspect of posterior shoulder causing movement of shoulder into more oblique position in pelvis[2] or Rubin II maneuver - applying pressure to posterior aspect of most accessible shoulder (anterior or posterior)
  • R Remove posterior arm by sweeping it across the chest and bring fetal hand to the chin, grasp and pull out of the birth canal and across the face (effective in up to 84% of cases)[1]
  • R Roll on all fours (Gaskin position) - may relieve up to 83% of shoulder dystocia[1]


ALARMER mnemonic is an alternative to the HELPERR mnemonic and provides a slightly altered sequence of interventions:

  • A Ask for help
  • L Legs to chest (McRoberts maneuver)
  • A Anterior shoulder disimpaction by suprapubic pressure
  • R Release posterior shoulder (attempt made to deliver posterior shoulder prior to anterior shoulder)
  • M Maneuver of Wood
  • E Episiotomy
  • R Roll on all fours

Disposition

  • Admit OB/GYN

Complications

Fracture of both clavicles as a result of shoulder dystocia: acute (top) and after healing (bottom).
  • Transient brachial plexus palsy (3.0 to 16.8%)
  • Clavicular fracture (1.7 to 9.5%)
  • Humerus fracture (0.1 to 4.2%)
  • Permanent brachial plexus palsy (0.5 to 1.6%)
  • Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (0.3%)
  • Death (0 to 0.35%)
  • Fourth degree perineal lacerations
  • Post-partum hemorrhage

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Silver DW, Sabatino F. Precipitous and difficult deliveries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2012 Nov;30(4):961-75. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2012.08.004.
  2. ↑ Mercado J, Brea I, Mendez B, et al. Critical obstetric and gynecologic procedures in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2013 Feb;31(1):207-36.
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