Blastocystis species - Revision history

ClaireLewis at 04:20, 28 December 2020

2020-12-28T04:20:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 28 December 2020
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	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
			[[category:ID]]

ClaireLewis at 04:20, 28 December 2020

2020-12-28T04:20:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 28 December 2020
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	==Background==		==Background==
	*Anaerobic ~~protozoan~~ parasites		*Anaerobic [[protozoa]]n [[parasites]]
	*Found in the human gastrointestinal tract <ref> Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(4):639-665. doi:10.1128/CMR.00022-08 </ref>		*Found in the human gastrointestinal tract <ref> Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(4):639-665. doi:10.1128/CMR.00022-08 </ref>
	*Most common eukaryotic parasites found in human stool		*Most common eukaryotic parasites found in human stool
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	==Clinical Features==		==Clinical Features==
	*Symptoms that have been associated with individuals with Blastocystis species in their stool include:		*Symptoms that have been associated with individuals with Blastocystis species in their stool include:
	**Watery diarrhea (may be acute or chronic)		**Watery [[diarrhea]] (may be acute or chronic)
	**Nausea		**[[Nausea]]
	**Anorexia		**Anorexia
	**Fatigue		**Fatigue
	**Abdominal cramping		**[[abdominal pain\|Abdominal cramping]]
	**Bloating		**Bloating
	**Flatulence		**Flatulence
	**Urticaria		**[[Urticaria]]
	*Generally patients are afebrile		*Generally patients are afebrile

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	*Blastocystis species infection is often self-limiting and many mild cases will resolve quickly		*Blastocystis species infection is often self-limiting and many mild cases will resolve quickly
	*Treatment options:		*Treatment options:
	**Metronidazole (750 mg TID for 5-10 days) <ref> Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, et al. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med. 2003;10(2):128-130. doi:10.2310/7060.2003.31714 </ref>		**[[Metronidazole]] (750 mg TID for 5-10 days) <ref> Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, et al. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med. 2003;10(2):128-130. doi:10.2310/7060.2003.31714 </ref>
	**Tinidazole (2 mg once)		**[[Tinidazole]] (2 mg once)
	**Alternatives include: paromomycin, nitazoxanide, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole		**Alternatives include: paromomycin, nitazoxanide, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Rossdonaldson1: /* Disposition */

2020-12-12T11:34:17Z

Disposition

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:34, 12 December 2020
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	*Admission or observation should be considered for patients who are severely dehydrated or have significant electrolyte derangements		*Admission or observation should be considered for patients who are severely dehydrated or have significant electrolyte derangements

			==See Also==

			==External Links==

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

SeanDenny: /* Microbiology */

2020-12-09T22:42:45Z

Microbiology

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:42, 9 December 2020
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	===Microbiology===		===Microbiology===
	*Vary in size between 5 and 40 micrometers		*Vary in size between 5 and 40 micrometers
	*~~Lacks~~ a cell wall		*Lack a cell wall
	*~~Has~~ mitochondria, golgi apparatus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula		*Have mitochondria, golgi apparatus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula
	*Typically ~~reproduces~~ by binary fission		*Typically reproduce by binary fission
	*~~Grows~~ in anaerobic culture conditions		*Grow in anaerobic culture conditions

	==Clinical Features==		==Clinical Features==

SeanDenny: Created page with "==Background== Anaerobic protozoan parasites Found in the human gastrointestinal tract Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance o..."

2020-12-09T22:41:23Z

Created page with "==Background== *Anaerobic protozoan parasites *Found in the human gastrointestinal tract <ref> Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance o..."

New page

==Background==
*Anaerobic protozoan parasites
*Found in the human gastrointestinal tract <ref> Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(4):639-665. doi:10.1128/CMR.00022-08 </ref>
*Most common eukaryotic parasites found in human stool
*Controversial if they are a commensal organism or a pathogen

===Epidemiology===
*Have been found worldwide
*Reside in the cecum and colon of both children in adults
*Have also been found in various animals (including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry)
*Prevalence is geographically variable, but generally higher in developing countries

===Transmission===
*Mode of transmission is not fully understood, but though to be fecal-oral <ref> Blastocystis hominis: commensal or pathogen? Lancet. 1991 Mar 2;337(8740):521-2. PMID: 1671894. </ref>

===Microbiology===
*Vary in size between 5 and 40 micrometers
*Lacks a cell wall
*Has mitochondria, golgi apparatus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula
*Typically reproduces by binary fission
*Grows in anaerobic culture conditions

==Clinical Features==
*Symptoms that have been associated with individuals with Blastocystis species in their stool include:
**Watery diarrhea (may be acute or chronic)
**Nausea
**Anorexia
**Fatigue
**Abdominal cramping
**Bloating
**Flatulence
**Urticaria
*Generally patients are afebrile

==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Diarrhea DDX}}

==Evaluation==
*Stool examination via light microscopy of stained smears or wet mounts
*Stool culture <ref> Suresh K, Smith H. Comparison of methods for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23(6):509-511. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1123-7 </ref>
*ELISA targeted at serum antibodies to Blastocystis species <ref> Zierdt CH, Zierdt WS, Nagy B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibody to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic infections. J Parasitol. 1995;81(1):127-129. </ref>
*PCR <ref> Jones MS 2nd, Ganac RD, Hiser G, Hudson NR, Le A, Whipps CM. Detection of Blastocystis from stool samples using real-time PCR. Parasitol Res. 2008;103(3):551-557. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1006-4 </ref>
*Fecal leukocytes are usually absent

==Management==
===Asymptomatic===
*Do not require therapy

===Symptomatic===
*Alternative diagnoses should be considered and excluded (e.g. alternative pathogen, noninfectious cause of symptoms)
*Initiation of treatment in symptomatic patients is controversial
*Blastocystis species infection is often self-limiting and many mild cases will resolve quickly
*Treatment options:
**Metronidazole (750 mg TID for 5-10 days) <ref> Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, et al. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med. 2003;10(2):128-130. doi:10.2310/7060.2003.31714 </ref>
**Tinidazole (2 mg once)
**Alternatives include: paromomycin, nitazoxanide, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

==Disposition==
*Most patients can be managed as an outpatient
*Admission or observation should be considered for patients who are severely dehydrated or have significant electrolyte derangements

==References==
<references/>

Blastocystis species - Revision history

ClaireLewis at 04:20, 28 December 2020

ClaireLewis at 04:20, 28 December 2020

Rossdonaldson1: /* Disposition */

SeanDenny: /* Microbiology */

SeanDenny: Created page with "==Background== *Anaerobic protozoan parasites *Found in the human gastrointestinal tract Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance o..."

SeanDenny: Created page with "==Background== Anaerobic protozoan parasites Found in the human gastrointestinal tract Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance o..."